Biology Exam: Digestive System and Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the liver in the digestive system?

To break down carbohydrates into sugars

To absorb nutrients from digested food

To produce bile for fat emulsification (correct)

To secrete insulin for glucose regulation

Which enzyme specifically breaks down proteins in the stomach?

Lipase

Lactase

Pepsin (correct)

Amylase

What role do stomata play in photosynthesis?

They transport water from roots to leaves

They store glucose produced during photosynthesis

They release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide (correct)

They absorb sunlight for energy

What role do denitrifying bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

They can use nitrates to respire and convert them back to nitrogen gas. Signup and view all the answers

What natural process can create nitrates besides bacterial activity?

Lightning Signup and view all the answers

What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Signup and view all the answers

What specific process do plants use to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

How is artificial fertilizer produced on an industrial scale?

Using the Haber process Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of water vapor from plant leaves to the atmosphere?

Transpiration Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the mitochondria is primarily associated with the Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration?

Matrix Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is primarily produced during anaerobic respiration?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form in which most water exists on Earth?

Saltwater Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon considered the backbone of biological macromolecules?

It can form multiple covalent bonds with other carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water vapor when it cools in the atmosphere?

It condenses into liquid water, forming clouds. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of percolation?

Rainwater filters through the ground into deeper layers. Signup and view all the answers

What is an aquifer?

Deep groundwater reservoirs with ancient water stores. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy from one trophic level is typically transferred to the next level in a food chain?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines a heterotroph?

An organism that consumes other organisms for energy Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the biggest loss of biomass in a food chain?

Cellular respiration and heat lost to the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Which type of consumer directly kills other animals for food?

Carnivore Signup and view all the answers

What role do producers play in a food chain?

They are the first entry point for energy Signup and view all the answers

What is released back into the atmosphere during aerobic cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle?

To break down nitrogen compounds into ammonium ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when nitrogen gas is converted into ammonium ions?

Nitrogen Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon during the combustion of fossil fuels?

It is converted into carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bacteria is responsible for converting nitrites into nitrates during nitrification?

Nitrobacter Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of nitrogen that cannot be used directly by plants or animals?

Nitrogen gas Signup and view all the answers

Which marine organisms utilize calcium carbonate for their shells?

Molluscs and crustaceans Signup and view all the answers

What is formed during the ammonification process?

Ammonium ions Signup and view all the answers

What happens to precipitation that is not absorbed by the ground during heavy rainfall?

It flows as surface runoff. Signup and view all the answers

In what form is phosphorus primarily found in nature?

Phosphate ions (PO4 3-). Signup and view all the answers

How do decomposers contribute to the phosphorus cycle?

By releasing phosphates after breaking down organic matter. Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to excess phosphates entering water bodies?

Sewage and uncontained animal waste. Signup and view all the answers

What role does sedimentation play in the phosphorus cycle?

It stores phosphates in sedimentary rocks. Signup and view all the answers

How do plants acquire phosphates?

Through soil absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of using artificial fertilizers containing phosphates?

Increased phosphate runoff into waterways. Signup and view all the answers

What geological process can bring sedimentary rock to the land surface?

Uplift. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive System

Describes the roles of mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, rectum, and anus in digestion.
Identifies digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase, pepsin, lactase, nuclease), their functions, and their locations within the digestive system.
Explains carbohydrate, cellulose/fiber, protein, and lipid digestion processes.
Discusses the importance of body position when taking medication and the role of proteases.
Includes data collection/analysis methods related to proteases.

Photosynthesis

Names and describes leaf structures and their functions.
Explains how stomata adapt to different environments.
Discusses how light is absorbed by plants.
Outlines lab activities related to photosynthesis, detailing procedures.
Includes the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis and the relationship between light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Identifies chloroplast parts.

Cellular Respiration

Presents the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration.
Details aerobic and anaerobic respiration steps.
Describes how anaerobic respiration was measured in muscle fatigue lab experiments, and also identifies mitochondrial parts.
Relates cyanide's effect on respiration to the type and sugar concentration.

Biogeochemical Cycles - Carbon Cycle

Highlights carbon's crucial role in biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).
Explains how carbon dioxide is a major component of the atmosphere.
Describes the role of photosynthesis in absorbing carbon dioxide.
Explains how animals and plants release carbon dioxide through respiration.
Describes the process of decomposition and the release of carbon dioxide.
Explains the formation of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) from carbon-containing materials.
Details how the combustion process releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Explains the role of oceans in absorbing carbon dioxide.

Biogeochemical Cycles - Nitrogen Cycle

Explains the importance of nitrogen in proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA).
Outlines the role of nitrogen in the atmosphere (78%).
Describes the process of nitrogen fixation by free-living and symbiotic bacteria.
Explains the conversion of nitrogen into ammonium ions (NH4+).
Describes nitrification, the transformation of ammonium into nitrites, then into nitrates (NO3−).
Describes how plants absorb nitrates.
Explains the role of denitrifying bacteria in converting nitrates back to nitrogen.
Discusses how human activities affect the nitrogen cycle (e.g., fertilizer production).

Biogeochemical Cycles - Water Cycle

Details the role of water in all living organisms and its importance in various biological processes (like cellular respiration, maintaining body temperature, etc.).
Describes how water is absorbed by plant roots.
Explains how plants transport water to their leaves, emphasizing the role of transpiration and stomata.
Describes how precipitation percolates into the ground and forms groundwater.
Differentiates surface runoff from ground absorption.
Explains how water cycles via the ground into streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Explains the process of evaporation and how clouds form.

Biogeochemical Cycles - Phosphorus Cycle

Highlights the importance of phosphorus in ecosystems.
Details how phosphorus is commonly found in sedimentary rocks and how weathering dissolves rocks, releasing phosphates into the soil.
Discusses the role of plants and animals in absorbing and transferring phosphates.
Explains that decomposers break down organic material, which recycles phosphates.
States that artificial fertilizers often contain phosphates.
Details how phosphate runoff can enter various water bodies.

Food Chains & Webs

Explains energy transfer between trophic levels.
Explains the 10% rule of energy transfer efficiency.
Defines heterotrophs, autotrophs, predators, prey, carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Details the role of energy loss through cellular respiration, digestion and excrement in the 10% rule.

Root Words

Provides a list of root words used in the text. (e.g., chlor(o): light green, ase: enzyme, etc.)

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Description

This quiz tests your knowledge on key biological processes including the functions of the liver, the role of enzymes in digestion, and the cycles of nutrients. Prepare to explore topics like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the nitrogen cycle. This is a must-take for students studying biological sciences at any level.