Biology Exam 1: Chapters 1-7

A colony is a visible cluster of bacteria arising from the growth of a single original bacterial cell.

Using high salt or sugar concentrations to prevent microbial growth by creating a hypertonic environment.

A method of bacterial reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Culture media designed to selectively grow certain types of bacteria and allow differentiation between different types.

A graph depicting the growth pattern of bacteria over time, showing phases like lag, log, stationary, and death.

Methods to track microbial growth, like measuring nutrient consumption (e.g., glucose).

The time it takes for a bacterial population to double in size.

An agent that kills or inactivates pathogenic bacteria on inanimate objects.

He was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa.

Fungi have cell walls, unlike some other organisms.

Algae don't play a major role in breaking down dead matter.

Pasteur proved the theory of biogenesis (living from living).

Not all individuals with a disease will display the same infection.

Producing a human protein in bacteria is an example of genetic engineering.

Teichoic acids are a component of some bacterial cell walls.

Endospores are not for reproduction but for survival under harsh conditions.

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another without cell-to-cell contact.

Enzyme production triggered by a substrate binding to the repressor protein.

Transfer of DNA between cells of the same generation.

Using living organisms or their products for practical application.

Self-replicating DNA used for gene transfer between organisms.

Based on comparison of ribosomal RNA sequences.

Viruses are not composed of cells, unlike the three domains.

Genetically identical cells from a single-cell.

Bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen and stain gram-negative, found primarily in the intestines.

Differentiated by their growth in high salt concentrations. Staphylococcus grows better in high salt.

A fungus; an organism that gets nutrients from other organisms and has chitin cell walls.

A bacteria that is not found in the intestines. Example Campylobacter.

Mycoplasma; a type of bacteria that doesn't have a cell wall, unlike most other bacteria.

Citrobacter; a gram-negative rod that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.

Rickettsias are bacteria needing an arthropod, like a tick or mosquito, to spread to humans.

Haemophilus bacteria are identified by their need for X and V factors.

Immunity developed through intentional exposure to a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies.

Natural killer cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that directly kill infected cells, but don't present antigens to other immune cells.

Neutralization is when an antibody binds to a toxin, preventing it from binding to its target cell and causing harm.

Helper T cells (Th cells) recognize antigens presented on MHC II molecules by antigen-presenting cells, activating the immune response.

B cells do not directly recognize antigens associated with MHC I, which is the primary mechanism for recognizing viral or intracellular pathogens.

IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood serum, providing long-term immunity against various pathogens.

An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies that specifically bind to it.

After antigen recognition, the third step involves a helper T cell (Th cell) recognizing the processed antigen presented on MHC II by an antigen-presenting cell (APC).

A laboratory test used to detect the presence of antibodies against a specific antigen, like HIV antibodies.

The statement that measles has been eradicated in the United States is false. While vaccination has significantly reduced cases, measles outbreaks still occur.

Hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to a harmless substance, but this reaction doesn't happen on the first exposure to the allergen.

Systemic anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction affecting the entire body, potentially leading to shock.

A person with blood type B, Rh+ will have anti-A antibodies in their serum.

Graft-versus-host disease is a complication primarily seen after skin grafts or bone marrow transplants, where the donor cells attack the recipient's tissues.

Allergic contact dermatitis is triggered by sensitized T cells reacting to allergens, which can lead to inflammation and skin irritation.

HIV attaches to the target cells through the interaction of the viral Gp120 protein with the CD4+ receptor.