Biology Exam 1: Chapters 1-7

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Questions and Answers

What does the presence of 54 colonies on a plate indicate about the original milk sample?

54 cells

54,000 cells (correct)

540 cells

5,400 cells

Which bacteria are primarily found in the intestines of humans?

Mycoplasma

Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods (correct)

Staphylococcus

Chlamydias

What is the main reproductive method of most bacteria?

Meiosis

Mitosis

Binary fission (correct)

Budding

Which method is considered the best for sterilizing heat-labile solutions?

Membrane filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which group includes multicellular heterotrophs with chitin cell walls?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

What type of medium allows only gram-positive organisms and Staphylococcus aureus to grow?

Selective and differential medium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an enteric organism?

Campylobacter Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a method that transfers DNA horizontally to cells in the same generation?

Conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the pattern of microbial death?

Cells die at a constant rate Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates Rickettsias from Chlamydias?

Rickettsias require an arthropod for transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is likely the cause of prostate cancer, based on common genetic mutations?

Nonsense Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is known for causing nosocomial infections?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?

They are always effective against all bacterial types Signup and view all the answers

How many cells would be present after 5 hours if three cells with a generation time of 60 minutes are inoculated?

96 cells Signup and view all the answers

What structure is introduced into a cell to assist in gene transmission from one organism to another?

Vector Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding fungi is FALSE?

Most fungi are pathogenic for humans Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an agent that removes pathogenic bacteria from a medical instrument?

Disinfectant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about protozoa is FALSE?

Nearly all protozoa cause disease Signup and view all the answers

In the lac operon model, which component binds to the repressor for transcription to occur?

Lactose Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for causing ringworm?

Fungus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a clone?

Genetically identical cells from a single cell Signup and view all the answers

Which evidence supports the three-domain system of classification?

Ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the definition of a strain in microbiology?

A pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells does phage typing target?

Specific bacterial species Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in microbiology?

He was the first to view protozoa and bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT a characteristic of fungi?

Fungi are autotrophic organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Koch’s postulates is inaccurate?

A suspected pathogen must be found in the majority of individuals with a particular disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is Lipid A commonly known as?

Endotoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about endospores is true?

Endospores can survive extreme conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What type of flagella do spiral bacteria, which cause syphilis and Lyme disease, possess?

Axial filaments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells do NOT function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope is used to observe specimens that emit light when illuminated with ultraviolet light?

Fluorescence microscope Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common class of antibodies found in serum?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine is characterized by the use of a weakened form of the disease-causing agent?

Attenuated live-agent vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true regarding phospholipids?

They are primarily used for energy storage. Signup and view all the answers

What event follows the recognition of an antigen by a TH cell?

Digestion of the antigen and presentation with MHC II Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios would you expect the presence of IgA antibodies?

Signifying a current infection Signup and view all the answers

What test is commonly used for identifying Streptococcus pyogenes from a throat swab?

Direct fluorescent-antibody test Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the interaction between an antibody and soluble antigens resulting in lattice formation?

Precipitation reaction Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the hemagglutination inhibition test when clumping of test cells is observed?

Negative result for the presence of virus Signup and view all the answers

Which test is the most effective for detecting the presence of HIV antibodies?

Indirect ELISA Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding measles is true?

The disease is highly contagious. Signup and view all the answers

What may result from systemic anaphylaxis?

Shock Signup and view all the answers

Which antibodies would a person with blood type B, Rh+ have in their serum?

Anti-A Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of HIV transmission worldwide?

Heterosexual intercourse Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome may result from an HIV infection?

Development of AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Why are protozoan and helminthic diseases challenging to treat?

Their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial agent is recommended for treating fungal infections?

Amphotericin B Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 1, Chapters 1-7

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to view protozoa and bacteria.
Fungi lack cell walls.
Algae play a role in degrading dead plants and animals.
Pasteur's work proved that living cells only come from other living organisms.
Koch's postulates are inaccurate in stating that a suspected pathogen must be found in all individuals with the disease.
Genetic engineering is used to produce human blood-clotting protein in E. coli.
Algae inhabit aquatic and marine environments.
Phospholipids are not associated with amino acids.
Cilia are short, hair-like structures found on eukaryotic cells for movement.
Teichoic acids are not associated with bacterial cell walls.
Peptidoglycan is a mesh of peptides and polysaccharides that make up bacterial cell walls.
Lipid A is also known as endotoxin.
Lipid-soluble molecules cross cell membranes by diffusion.
A hypotonic solution causes water to move into the cell.
Endosymbiotic theory: the folded inner membrane of mitochondria evolved from the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
Endospores are not true of mitochondria.

Exam 2, Chapters 8, 10-12

A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional protein.
DNA strands run antiparallel.
Transformation is the transfer of naked DNA in solution.
Streptomycin-resistant bacteria are colonies 4 and 8.
Enzyme A's compound C binds to the repressor.
Conjugation transfers DNA horizontally in the same generation.
Biotechnology uses microorganisms/animal cells and creates disease-resistant crops.
cDNA is used for easier gene transfer.
A genus is a taxon of one or more species.
The three-domain system classifies organisms based on ribosomal RNA.
Viruses are not part of the three domains.
Prokaryotic cells first existed 3.5 billion years ago.
A pure culture is identical to other cultures of the same species.

Exam 4, Chapters 17-20

Vaccination results in artificially acquired active immunity.
Natural killer cells are not antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Antibodies binding to toxins results in neutralization.
Th cells recognize antigens displayed on cells with MHC II.
The most abundant antibody class in serum is IgG.
An antigen is a chemical eliciting an antibody response.
The third step in eliciting an antibody response involves TH cells recognizing antigen-digest and MHC II.
Finding IgA present indicates a current infection.
Perforin creates transmembrane channels in cells.
Thymic selection destroys T cells that do not recognize self-MHC molecules.
Hemagglutination-inhibition tests are used to identify antibodies against a virus.
ELISA is a test to detect antibodies.
Precipitation reactions occur when antibodies form lattices with antigens.

Additional Exam Information (Multiple Pages)

Disinfectant: removes harmful pathogens from medical instruments.
A true antimicrobial is equally effective against bacteria and viruses.
Thermal death time is the time needed to kill all microbes at a certain temperature.
Gram-negative bacteria are the most resistant to chemical biocides.
Different types of antimicrobial agents have different uses based on the pathogens they target.
Bacterial viruses only attack a specific species.
Clones are genetically identical cells from a single cell.
Two organisms are closely related if their genomic DNA can hybridize.
Facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods are in the intestines of humans.
Fungi have chitin cell walls.
Mycoplasma lacks a cell wall.
Rickettsias need an arthropod for transmission.
Haemophilus doesn't belong with the groups in that particular question.
Staphylococcus belongs with other gram-positive bacteria.
Pseudomonas is known for nosocomial infections.
Most fungi are not pathogenic.
Ringworm is a fungal infection.
Helminthic diseases are typically transmitted through the gastrointestinal system.
Mosquitoes are the definitive hosts for malaria.
Humans are definitive hosts in many cases; crayfish are intermediate.
Algae are not always unicellular.
Giardia and Trichomonas lack mitochondria.
Ringworm is caused by a fungus.
Amphotericin B is used against fungi.
Most antibiotics are produced by bacteria.
Interferons don't inhibit glycolysis; bacterial cells have similar structures and functions to human cells as a difficulty in treating protozoa and helminths.
Drugs that competitively inhibit DNA polymerase are effective against helminths.
Tamiflu is an influenza drug that inhibits a viral enzyme.
Antibiotics selecting for resistant bacteria can lead to antibiotic resistance in animals and humans.

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Test your knowledge on essential biological concepts from chapters 1 to 7, including topics such as cellular structures, microbial genetics, and symbiotic theories. This quiz covers significant figures in microbiology and key theories that have shaped our understanding of living organisms.