Biology Exam 1 & 2 (Ch. 1, 2)

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Questions and Answers

What products are formed during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide

ATP, ribulose bisphosphate, and oxygen

Glucose, NADH, and oxygen

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (correct)

Which wavelengths of light are most effective for photosynthesis?

Infrared and ultraviolet

Red and blue (correct)

Green and yellow

Purple and orange

What is the primary role of ATP in cells?

To facilitate nutrient absorption

To store long-term energy

To act as a genetic material

To provide energy for cellular processes (correct)

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected?

Photosynthesis generates glucose and oxygen required for respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cristae in mitochondria?

To increase surface area for ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll?

Absorbs blue and red light but reflects green Signup and view all the answers

How can the percentage of one type of nucleotide in DNA indicate the percentages of others?

By Chargaff's rules Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes do diploid human cells contain?

46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What process ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of genetic material during cell division?

DNA Replication Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between DNA and RNA regarding their structure?

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Why are gametes required to be haploid during sexual reproduction?

To maintain a full set of chromosomes after fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutation in the context of genetics?

A change in the DNA sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What are the proteins synthesized based on during translation?

Codon sequences from mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive?

Natural Selection Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a homozygous genotype?

Having two identical alleles for a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of binary fission in prokaryotes?

Asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to protein Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes producers from consumers in ecological terms?

Producers synthesize their own food, while consumers obtain energy by consuming other organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water contributes to its ability to maintain temperature stability in living organisms?

High specific heat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes organic compounds?

Compounds that contain carbon and are generally associated with living organisms Signup and view all the answers

What level of protein structure is characterized by the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain?

Tertiary structure Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bond formation is involved in dehydration synthesis?

Formation of covalent bonds by removing water Signup and view all the answers

Which level of protein structure involves the specific sequence of amino acids?

Primary structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about water's properties is incorrect?

Water's high surface tension results from strong covalent bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 2)

Effects of pH on proteins: pH alters protein shape by affecting ionic and hydrogen bonds. Extreme pH levels denature proteins, losing their function.
Characteristics of living things: Growth, reproduction, responsiveness to stimuli, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, and cellular structure define living things.
Central dogma: The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein: DNA → RNA → Protein.
Producers vs consumers: Producers (autotrophs) make their own food (e.g., photosynthesis), while consumers (heterotrophs) eat other organisms for energy.
Water properties: Water has high surface tension, cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and is a good solvent due to hydrogen bonding.
Organic compounds: Organic compounds contain carbon and are usually associated with living organisms (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

Exam 2

Ideal conditions for plant/animal cells (tonicity): Plant cells are ideal in hypotonic solutions. Animal cells perform best in isotonic solutions.
Diffusion: The movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Factors affecting enzymes: Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, inhibitors, and activators influence enzyme activity.
Enzyme structure and function: Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. The substrate binds to the active site in an induced fit model.
Animal vs. plant cells (structure): Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles, unlike animal cells which have centrioles and lysosomes
Endergonic vs. exergonic reactions: Endergonic reactions require energy input, while exergonic reactions release energy.
Structures found in all cells: All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA.
Conditions influencing plant/animal cells: Hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink, hypotonic solutions cause them to swell. Isotonic solutions keep the cell's shape.

Exam 3

Reduced vs oxidized in cellular respiration & photosynthesis: In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced. In photosynthesis, water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced.
Electron transport chain purpose: Transfers electrons through protein complexes, creating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.
Cellular respiration locations: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Oxidation vs reduction: Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons.
Autotrophic vs heterotrophic: Autotrophs make their own food (e.g., photosynthesis), while heterotrophs eat other organisms.
Light reactions vs Calvin Cycle: Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
Products of light reactions: ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Wavelengths best for photosynthesis: Red and blue wavelengths are most effective.
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is a primary energy source for cellular processes.
Relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis: The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration, and vice versa.
Cristae: Increase the surface area of mitochondria for ATP production.
Chlorophyll absorption spectrum: Absorbs blue and red light efficiently, reflecting green light.

Exam 4

DNA double helix structure: Two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other. The backbone is sugar and phosphate, paired nitrogenous bases (A with T, C with G) held together by hydrogen bonds.
Chromosomes in human cells: Normal human diploid cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Haploid cells have 23 chromosomes.
Percentage of nucleotides: Adenine (A) equals the percentage of thymine (T), and cytosine (C) equals the percentage of guanine (G).
Purpose of mitosis: Cell division for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Results in genetically identical daughter cells.
Base pairing rules: Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). These pairings are held by hydrogen bonds.
Transcription & translation: Transcription copies a segment of DNA into mRNA. Translation decodes mRNA to synthesize proteins by ribosomes
Point Mutation - Base Substitution: A single nucleotide change; base substitution is a specific type of point mutation.
Nonsense mutation: A base substitution that changes a codon to a stop codon, ending protein synthesis prematurely.
Mitotic spindle: A structure of microtubules that separates chromosomes during mitosis.

Additional Topics

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.
Leading and lagging strands: The leading strand is synthesised continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesised in short segments.
Interphase: The phase of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing (consists of G1, S, and G2).
Gene: A segment of DNA that provides instructions for creating proteins or RNA.
DNA vs RNA: DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, uses thymine (T). RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, uses uracil (U) instead of thymine.
Binary fission: Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes (bacteria) dividing into two identical daughter cells.
Purpose of DNA replication: Ensures each daughter cell gets an exact copy of the genetic material during cell division.
Mutation: A change in DNA sequence. Can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
Codon chart: Used to translate mRNA codons into amino acids.
Purpose of Meiosis: Produce haploid gametes (sperm and egg) for sexual reproduction.
Natural selection: A process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
Homozygous vs Heterozygous: Homozygous individuals have identical alleles; heterozygous individuals have different alleles.
Phenotype vs genotype: Genotype is the genetic makeup (alleles); phenotype is the physical expression (observable traits).
Sex-linked traits: Traits found on the sex chromosomes (X or Y).
Predicting probability of offspring outcomes: Using Punnett squares to determine the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Evolution: The change in the genetic makeup of populations over time, often influenced by natural selection.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts from chapters 1 and 2 of biology, including the effects of pH on proteins, characteristics of living things, the central dogma of molecular biology, and the comparison of producers and consumers. Additional topics include the properties of water and the significance of organic compounds in living organisms.