Biology Quiz on Living Organisms and Cells
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the key characteristics of living organisms?

  • Respiration
  • Assimilation (correct)
  • Movement
  • Growth

    • What does the 'R' in the mnemonic 'MRS GREN' represent?

  • Regeneration
  • Respiration (correct)
  • Recycling
  • Relocation

    • What structure controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell?

  • Cell membrane (correct)
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus

    • Which of the following statements about plant cells is true?

    <p>They contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of osmosis on plant cells?

    <p>Swelling due to water uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diffusion primarily driven by?

    <p>Concentration gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell structure is responsible for controlling cell activities?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor influencing the rate of diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lens when focusing on distant objects?

    <p>Ciliary muscles relax and lens becomes thinner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron connects sensory neurons with motor neurons in the reflex arc?

    <p>Relay Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dim light, which muscles of the iris are primarily responsible for pupil dilation?

    <p>Radial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for refracting light as it enters?

    <p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily generates a nerve impulse in a neuron?

    <p>Changes in ions across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of photoreceptors in the retina?

    <p>Converting light into electrical signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the reflex arc?

    <p>Interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the iris in the eye?

    <p>To control the size of the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a simple, automatic, and rapid response to a stimulus?

    <p>Reflex Arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration in humans?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process takes place in the alveoli during gas exchange?

    <p>Oxygen diffuses into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>Provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is critical for calcium absorption and bone health?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of malnutrition due to insufficient calorie intake?

    <p>Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into simpler sugars?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrient is fiber considered to be?

    <p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mechanical digestion?

    <p>To physically break down food into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what stage of life do women require increased intake of protein, calcium, and vitamins?

    <p>Lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is essential for strong bones and teeth?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from inadequate intake of specific nutrients?

    <p>Deficiency Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of consuming excessive saturated fats?

    <p>Coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food sample is likely to have the highest percentage of protein?

    <p>Meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in digestion?

    <p>Production of bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of teeth are primarily used for grinding?

    <p>Molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess calorie intake primarily leads to which condition?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an essential inorganic substance required for various bodily functions?

    <p>Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy primarily sourced from carbohydrates?

    <p>By glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?

    <p>Providing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient helps maintain a healthy digestive system by adding bulk to stool?

    <p>Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of water in the body?

    <p>Transporting nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by a lack of vitamin C?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of fiber in the diet?

    <p>Aiding digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is a rich source of Vitamin D?

    <p>Oily fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the three main classes of food?

    <p>Their contribution to energy and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does regular exercise have on heart rate?

    <p>Reduces resting heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

    <p>Red Blood Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do capillaries play in the circulatory system?

    <p>Provide rapid exchange of materials between blood and body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does smoking affect heart health?

    <p>Damages artery linings, increasing heart disease risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for heart disease?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pulmonary circulation involve?

    <p>Blood going from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?

    <p>Prevent backflow from ventricles to atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atherosclerosis primarily characterized by?

    <p>Narrowing of the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding heart rate and age?

    <p>Heart rate generally decreases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of plasma?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about arteries is false?

    <p>Arteries contain valves to prevent backflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heart rate during periods of emotional stress?

    <p>Heart rate can increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells?

    <p>Transport oxygen throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes turgor pressure in plant cells?

    <p>Water entering the cell and pushing against the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ciliated cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Sweep mucus and dust out of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of specialized cells?

    <p>Contain a nucleus in all cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to animal cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>They shrink and become crenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic building block of carbohydrates?

    <p>Simple sugars like glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of organization consists of groups of similar cells working together?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of which substance?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can increase the rate of diffusion?

    <p>Higher concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialized cell is responsible for absorbing water and minerals from the soil?

    <p>Root hair cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human cheek cells can be identified under a microscope by staining with which substance?

    <p>Methylene blue stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plant cells react when placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>They swell and become turgid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>To bind and transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells contain many chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis?

    <p>Palisade mesophyll cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to enzymes at very high temperatures?

    <p>They denature and lose their function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a fat molecule is attached to three fatty acids?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>They speed up chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during aerobic respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the optimal pH condition for enzyme activity?

    <p>It varies for different enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?

    <p>Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of alveoli is essential for effective gas exchange?

    <p>Large surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of physical activity on breathing?

    <p>Increased rate and depth of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between inspired and expired air?

    <p>Expired air has higher levels of carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure of proteins?

    <p>Large molecules made of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to amylase activity at extremely low temperatures?

    <p>Reaction rate slows down due to reduced kinetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system?

    <p>Damage leading to chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do blood capillaries play in gas exchange?

    <p>They surround alveoli for efficient gas transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

    <p>To enhance the absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for beginning the breakdown of starch in the mouth?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interaction forms the enzyme-substrate complex?

    <p>A lock and key fit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the alimentary canal does the majority of water absorption occur?

    <p>Large Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bile in digestion?

    <p>To emulsify fats for easier digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of pepsin in the stomach?

    <p>Digestion of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrients are absorbed through capillaries in the villi?

    <p>Glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hydrochloric acid play in gastric juice?

    <p>It creates an acidic environment for enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is assimilation defined in the context of digestion?

    <p>Using absorbed nutrients for body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily caused by a severe deficiency of both calories and protein in the diet?

    <p>Marasmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transports water and nutrients throughout a plant?

    <p>Vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of arteries in the circulatory system?

    <p>Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure ensures the unidirectional flow of blood in the heart?

    <p>Valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the alimentary canal is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?

    <p>Small Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

    <p>Egestion of undigested material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas for fat digestion?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes veins compared to arteries?

    <p>Larger internal diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without changing its chemical composition?

    <p>Mechanical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme continues the breakdown of starch in the small intestine?

    <p>Pancreatic amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Severe weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does systolic pressure represent in blood pressure measurements?

    <p>Pressure when the heart beats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mechanical digestion from chemical digestion?

    <p>Does not change the chemical composition of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically increase heart rate?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stomata in plant leaves?

    <p>Facilitating water loss and gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy from food typically measured?

    <p>By burning a sample and measuring the heat released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do capillaries have that facilitates gas exchange?

    <p>Single layer of thin, flat cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does double circulation benefit mammals?

    <p>It ensures efficient oxygenation of blood and nutrient delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals from sensory receptors?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the esophagus in the alimentary canal?

    <p>Transports food from the mouth to the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate during stress?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose do the aortic and pulmonary valves serve in the heart?

    <p>Prevent backflow into ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme initiates the breakdown of starch in the mouth?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels are involved in transporting deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the digestive system does egestion occur?

    <p>Large Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

    <p>Facilitate the crossing of nerve impulses between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Kwashiorkor in children?

    <p>Malnutrition from a starchy diet with adequate calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of homeostasis in the body?

    <p>To maintain a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In systemic circulation, what does oxygenated blood deliver to tissues?

    <p>Oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mechanical digestion primarily responsible for?

    <p>Mixing food with digestive juices in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is an example of a reflex arc?

    <p>Pulling away from a painful stimulus automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the left ventricle in the heart?

    <p>Pumping oxygenated blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of arteries?

    <p>Thick, muscular walls with elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the relay neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes chemical digestion?

    <p>It uses enzymes to break down food into smaller, soluble molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the superior and inferior vena cava?

    <p>Return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the stomach in digestion?

    <p>Storage and preliminary digestion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does smoking have on cardiovascular health?

    <p>Increases the risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The loss of muscle mass and subcutaneous fat is most indicative of which nutritional deficiency condition?

    <p>Marasmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron directly stimulates an effector such as a muscle or gland?

    <p>Motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the capillary level during blood circulation?

    <p>Exchange of materials between blood and cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant response is characterized by growth towards light?

    <p>Phototropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones works against insulin to raise blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the knee-jerk reflex?

    <p>A sensory neuron detects stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does transpiration play in water movement within a plant?

    <p>It facilitates the upward movement of water in the xylem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the rate of transpiration in plants?

    <p>Increased wind speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue is responsible for transporting water in plants?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phloem in plants?

    <p>Translocating sucrose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant is most effective at absorbing water?

    <p>Roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased temperature generally have on transpiration?

    <p>It increases the rate of transpiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do motor neurons play in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmit signals from the CNS to the effector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the leaf typically loses more water through transpiration?

    <p>Lower surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

    <p>Transmit nerve impulses across the junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the reflex arc directly detects the stimulus?

    <p>Sensory neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water molecules upward in the xylem?

    <p>Transpiration pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a potometer experiment, which factor directly measures transpiration?

    <p>Rate of water uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the eye is responsible for focusing light onto the retina?

    <p>Lens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describe involuntary actions?

    <p>They occur automatically and do not involve conscious control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to transpiration rates in conditions of high humidity?

    <p>They decrease significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the generation of a nerve impulse?

    <p>Changes in the distribution of ions across the axon membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

    <p>Increases the opening of stomata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes translocation?

    <p>Movement of nutrients within phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron primarily receives signals from other neurons?

    <p>Dendrites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component connects sensory neurons to motor neurons in the reflex arc?

    <p>Relay neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of using a potometer in experiments?

    <p>It only measures water loss, not uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the myelin sheath surrounding the axon?

    <p>To insulate and speed up signal transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of roots enhances their capacity for water absorption?

    <p>Presence of root hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the knee-jerk reflex, what triggers the muscle contraction in the quadriceps?

    <p>Signal transmitted by a motor neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cornea of the eye primarily serves what function?

    <p>Refract light entering the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>It connects the CNS to the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of a reflex arc?

    <p>It is a simple, automatic response to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Characteristics of Living Organisms

    • Living organisms exhibit movement, a change in position or location.
    • Respiration involves chemical reactions breaking down nutrients to release energy.
    • Sensitivity refers to the ability to detect and respond to stimuli.
    • Growth is a permanent increase in size or cell number.
    • Reproduction is the process of producing offspring.
    • Excretion involves removing waste products from the body.
    • Nutrition encompasses the intake of materials for energy and growth.
    • Mnemonic: "MRS GREN" (Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition).

    Cell Structure and Organization

    • All living organisms are composed of cells.
    • Cells vary in shape and size based on function.
    • Most cells have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm.
    • Most cells contain a nucleus.

    Plant vs. Animal Cells

    • Plant cells: Possess a cell wall, chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), and a large central vacuole.
    • Animal cells: Lack a cell wall and chloroplasts, and have smaller vacuoles.

    Functions of Cell Structures

    • Nucleus: Contains DNA, controlling cell activities.
    • Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance housing cell organelles.
    • Cell membrane: Regulates substances entering and leaving the cell.
    • Cell wall (plant cells): Provides structural support.
    • Chloroplasts (plant cells): Sites of photosynthesis.
    • Vacuole: Stores water and other substances.

    Movement of Substances

    • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
    • Water movement in and out of cells is via osmosis.

    Factors Affecting Diffusion

    • Surface area
    • Temperature
    • Concentration gradient
    • Diffusion distance

    Effects of Osmosis on Plant Cells

    • Turgid: Swollen plant cell due to water uptake.
    • Flaccid: Plant cell loses water, becoming limp.
    • Plasmolysis: Plant cell shrinks due to water loss.

    Importance of Osmosis

    • Essential for plants absorbing water from soil.
    • Crucial for maintaining cell volume and water balance in animal cells.

    Calculations

    • Magnification: Ratio of image size to actual object size.
    • Calculating sizes of biological specimens involves magnification and image size.

    Looking at Cells

    • Onion Epidermis: Identifying cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus using iodine stain.
    • Moss Leaf: Identifying cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and chloroplasts.
    • Human Cheek Cells: Identifying cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus using methylene blue stain.

    Specialization of Cells

    • Cells specialize for specific functions, modifying shape and cytoplasmic reactions.
    • Examples: red blood cells, root hair cells.

    Levels of Organization

    • Cells: Basic building blocks of life.
    • Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
    • Organs: Groups of tissues performing a specific function.
    • Organ systems: Groups of organs performing a specific function.
    • Organisms: A complete living thing made of organ systems.

    Specialized Cells

    • Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen, lack a nucleus in mature form, contain hemoglobin.
    • Ciliated Cells: Found in nose and windpipe, have cilia to move mucus.
    • Root Hair Cells: Absorb water and minerals from soil, have extensive root hairs.
    • Palisade Mesophyll Cells: Photosynthesizing cells in leaves, packed with chloroplasts.
    • Sperm Cells: Male reproductive cells, have tails for movement and acrosomes.
    • Egg Cells: Female reproductive cells, large, contain cytoplasm and yolk droplets.

    Diffusion

    • Definition: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    • Factors influencing diffusion: concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, distance.
    • Importance in cells: Enables nutrient uptake, waste removal, and gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

    Osmosis

    • Definition: Diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane.
    • Water moves from high to low water concentration.
    • Plant cells have cell walls, maintaining turgor pressure.
    • Animal cells can burst in hypotonic solutions.

    Osmosis in Action (Plant and Animal Cells)

    • Hypotonic solution: Water moves into the cell, causing swelling (turgor) in plants and possible bursting in animals.
    • Hypertonic solution: Water moves out of the cell, causing shrinkage (plasmolysis) in plants and shrinking (crenation) in animals.

    Biological Molecules

    • Living things are made of molecules.
    • Carbon is fundamental in biological molecules.
    • Macromolecules are formed by linking smaller units (monomers).
    • Examples: carbohydrates, fats, proteins.

    Carbohydrates

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
    • Glucose is a simple sugar, building block of complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen.

    Fats

    • A type of lipid, made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
    • Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

    Proteins

    • Large molecules made of amino acids.
    • Perform various functions in the body (structural support, enzymes).

    Enzymes

    • Biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
    • Enzyme-substrate interaction is like a lock and key.
    • Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature and pH.

    Gas Exchange in Humans

    • Purpose: Intake of oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide.
    • Lungs are the primary gas exchange organs.
    • Ventilation is breathing, moving air in and out of lungs.
    • Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
    • The blood supply surrounds alveoli, enabling efficient gas exchange.
    • Inspired air has high oxygen, low carbon dioxide.
    • Expired air has high carbon dioxide, low oxygen.

    Effects of Physical Activity

    • Physical activity increases oxygen demand, leading to faster and deeper breathing.

    Tobacco Smoke Effects

    • Contains harmful substances damaging the respiratory system.
    • COPD and lung cancer are potential consequences.

    Respiration

    • Aerobic: Breaking down glucose with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
    • Anaerobic: Breaking down glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid and less energy.

    Plant Nutrition

    • Balanced diets provide necessary nutrients to promote optimal health.
    • Factors influencing diet: age, gender, activity levels, pregnancy, breastfeeding.
    • Essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fiber, water.
    • Malnutrition can result in starvation, deficiency diseases, coronary heart disease, obesity, etc.

    Digestion

    • Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.
    • Digestion: Breaking down food into smaller molecules.
    • Mechanical digestion: Physical breakdown of food.
    • Chemical digestion: Breakdown by enzymes.
    • Absorption: Uptake of nutrients into the blood.
    • Egestion: Removal of undigested food as feces.

    Alimentary Canal

    • Regions and their functions (mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, anus).

    Enzyme Functions

    • Amylase: Breaks down starch into simpler sugars.
    • Protease: Breaks down proteins into amino acids.
    • Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

    Teeth

    • Types and functions (incisors, canines, premolars, molars).
    • Tooth structure (enamel, dentin, pulp, nerves, cement).
    • Importance of dental care (brushing, flossing, diet).
    • Dental decay is caused by bacteria and acid.

    Transport in Plants

    • Vascular bundles conduct water and food.
    • Xylem transports water and minerals.
    • Phloem transports food (sucrose).
    • Transpiration is water loss from leaves.
    • Transpiration pull drives water upward.

    Factors Affecting Transpiration

    • Temperature, humidity, wind, light intensity.

    Transport in Animals

    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue transporting materials.
    • Double circulation in mammals maintains high blood pressure.
      • Pulmonary circulation: oxygenates blood.
      • Systemic circulation: distributes oxygenated blood.
    • Heart chambers and function: Four chambers (two atria, two ventricles), valves facilitating unidirectional flow.
    • Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries.
      • Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from heart.
      • Veins: carry deoxygenated blood toward heart.
      • Capillaries: site of material exchange.

    Blood Composition

    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes): transport oxygen.
    • White blood cells (leukocytes): part of the immune system.
    • Platelets: involved in blood clotting.
    • Plasma: liquid portion of blood, carrying dissolved substances.

    Factors Affecting Heart Rate

    • Physical activity, stress, age, gender.
    • Disease: Coronary heart disease & atherosclerosis.
    • Risk factors: High blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, family history.

    Coordination and Response in Humans

    • Nervous system controls body functions.
      • Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord).
      • Peripheral nervous system (nerves).
    • Neurons: transmit nerve impulses.
      • Sensory neurons, motor neurons, relay neurons.
    • Reflex arcs: automatic responses to stimuli.
    • Endocrine system uses hormones.
      • Adrenaline, insulin, glucagon.
    • Homeostasis: maintaining internal stability including temperature and blood glucose.
    • Plant responses: tropisms and hormones (auxin).

    Eye Structure and Function

    • Cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve.
    • Accommodation: focusing on near/far objects.
    • Pupil reflex: adjusting pupil size.

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    Test your knowledge on the key characteristics of living organisms, including MRS GREN, and delve into the structure and organization of cells. This quiz also covers the differences between plant and animal cells. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these fundamental concepts.

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