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Biology: Evolution and Metabolism
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Biology: Evolution and Metabolism

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Questions and Answers

What is the process through which energy is created in our cells?

  • Photosynthesis
  • Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • Fermentation
  • Glycolysis
  • What are reactive oxygen species?

  • Molecules with one or more unpaired electron(s) (correct)
  • Molecules that cannot oxidize other molecules
  • Molecules with paired electrons
  • Stable and non-reactive molecules
  • What happens to oxidized molecules?

  • They become more stable
  • They are eliminated from the body
  • They become free radicals themselves (correct)
  • They become less reactive
  • What is a consequence of reactive oxygen species formation?

    <p>Toxic Liver Injury and other diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of reactive oxygen species?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of p66Shc in oxidative stress?

    <p>It translocates to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and associates with cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species?

    <p>Monoamino oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of reactive oxygen species formation in the body?

    <p>Cellular injury and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reduction of oxygen to water in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of reactive oxygen species?

    <p>Instability and high reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in the human body?

    <p>To catalyze the degradation of superoxide anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antioxidants is responsible for scavenging free radicals to buffer against high levels of ROS?

    <p>Glutathione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of catalase in the human body?

    <p>To catalyze the degradation of hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin C in the human body?

    <p>To counteract superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antioxidants is responsible for trapping and scavenging superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals?

    <p>Vitamin E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glutathione peroxidases in the human body?

    <p>To remove peroxyl radicals from peroxides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antioxidants is related to low-density lipoproteins?

    <p>Coenzyme Q-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumin, bilirubin, taurine, and hypotaurine in the human body?

    <p>To reduce the risk of the development of oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the antioxidant defense system in the human body?

    <p>To maintain the normal physiological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an intramitochondrial metabolite?

    <p>Superoxide anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

    • We metabolize oxygen to produce energy through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to the formation of oxygen free radicals.
    • ROS are molecules with one or more unpaired electrons, making them unstable and extremely reactive.
    • ROS can oxidize and modify nearby molecules, causing oxidized molecules to become free radicals themselves.

    Effects of ROS

    • ROS contribute to various diseases and conditions, including:
      • Toxic Liver Injury
      • Nutritional Liver Disease
      • Alcoholism
      • Inflammation
      • Rheumatoid Arthritis
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Some Parasitic Infections
      • Some Lung Disorders
      • Photosensitisation
      • Reperfusion Injury
      • Tumour Promotion
      • Carcinogenesis

    ROS-Inducing Compounds

    • Examples of compounds that induce ROS include:
      • CCl4
      • Aromatic nitro-compounds
      • Aromatic amines
      • Nitrosamines
      • Hydrazines
      • Quinones
      • Adriamycin

    Enzymes Affected by ROS

    • Enzymes affected by ROS include:
      • Monoamino oxidase
      • α-Ketoglutarae dehydrogenase
      • Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
      • p66shc (translocates to mitochondrial intermembrane space upon oxidative stress)

    Types of ROS

    • Two main types of ROS:
      • Superoxide anion (intramitochondrial metabolite)
      • Hydrogen peroxide (cellular metabolite)

    Antioxidant Defense System

    • The system includes endogenous and exogenous antioxidants that maintain normal physiological function.
    • Antioxidants can be:
      • Enzymatic (e.g., SODs, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidases)
      • Non-enzymatic (e.g., Glutathione, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Coenzyme Q-10, Albumin, Bilirubin, Taurine, Hypotaurine)

    Functions of Antioxidants

    • Antioxidants:
      • Scavenge free radicals
      • Protect cells from oxygen toxicity and lipid peroxidation
      • Decrease lipid peroxidation
      • Counteract ROS actions
      • Prevent lipid peroxidation and reduce DNA damage
      • Recycle other antioxidants
      • Inhibit pro-oxidant capacity
      • Reduce the risk of oxidative stress development

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    Related Documents

    2023_L8.pdf

    Description

    Explore the evolution of life on Earth, from the origins of multicellular organisms to extinction events, and learn about the process of energy production through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

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