Biology Entrance Test Trakia University 2017-2018

Macromolecules and Genetic Information

• The sequence ATTCGCTATCG could be located in nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).
• Peptide bonds are responsible for joining two amino acid subunits to form proteins.
• The primary structure of a polypeptide is defined by the specific sequence of amino acids.
• Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers.

DNA Processes

• DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
• Key fact: DNA is replicated using complementary base pairing.
• Transcription of the DNA sequence 5' CTT CAG AAC 3' yields mRNA with the sequence 3' GAA GUC UUG 5'.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Cellular Structure and Function

• Both cells and viruses exhibit the property of reproduction.
• Organisms maintain homeostasis to balance their internal environment with external surroundings.
• Ribosomes are organelles present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, crucial for protein synthesis.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a system of internal membranes within the cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles responsible for cellular respiration and enclosed by a double membrane.
• The Golgi apparatus is involved in exocytosis, packaging and transporting materials out of the cell.

Cell Division and Genetics

• An infectious agent without nucleic acid, such as prions, can cause diseases.
• After mitosis in a diploid cell, two diploid daughter cells are formed.
• Chromosomes are most condensed during the metaphase phase of mitosis.
• Genetic diversity tends to be highest in populations with sexual reproduction.
• Fertilization produces a diploid zygote from the fusion of two gametes.
• True hermaphroditism allows an organism to possess both male and female reproductive organs.

Chromosomes and Mitosis

• In a cell with 20 chromatids, there are 10 chromosomes present.
• The nuclear membrane disintegrates during prophase of mitosis.
• Normal human gametes are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes.
• Heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles for a trait and can exhibit a dominant phenotype.

Gamete Formation and Genetics

• Female gamete formation involves unequal cytokinesis, leading to one functional ovum and polar bodies.
• An X-linked dominant gene suggests a 50% probability of a woman having a sick son if her father is affected by the condition.

Nutritional Modes

• Autotrophic organisms synthesize their own nutrients through processes like photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
• Parasitic organisms derive nutrients by feeding off a host, often harming it in the process.

Evolution and Physiology

• Charles Darwin's theories encompass natural selection, evolution, and adaptation, but did not address genetics specifically.
• Albumin is primarily a blood plasma protein crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure.
• Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion takes place.
• Smooth muscle fibers are involuntary and lack striations, responding to autonomic control.
• Pepsin, a digestive enzyme, requires an acidic environment in the stomach for optimal function.
• Cardiac muscle exhibits automatic rhythmic contractions due to pacemaker cells.
• The aorta is the main artery that originates from the left ventricle of the heart, distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body.

This quiz assesses knowledge in biology for the 2017-2018 academic year entrance test at Trakia University, Stara Zagora. It covers various biology topics, including DNA, proteins, and macromolecules.