Questions and Answers
The following sequence ATTCGCTATCG could be found in:
In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of bond would join two amino acid subunits?
Peptide bond
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is known as?
Primary structure
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all polymers of:
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What term is used to describe the process by which DNA is copied to produce two daughter DNA molecules?
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE about DNA copied?
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If the DNA sequences 5' CTT CAG AAC 3' is transcribed, which of the following is considered of mRNA?
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What role does messenger RNA play in the synthesis of proteins?
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Which of the following properties of life is common to both cells and viruses?
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All living organisms maintain a balance with the environment through?
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Which of the following organelles is specific for both pro- and eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following organelles could be described as a system of internal membranes within the cytoplasm?
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Which of the following organelles could be described as rod-shaped organelles bound by a double membrane, responsible for cellular respiration?
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Which cellular organelle is responsible for exocytosis?
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An infectious agent that appears to have no nucleic acid is a?
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After mitosis of a diploid cell is formed:
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When the chromosomes are the most condensed, the phase is?
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Genetic diversity is greatest in?
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Fertilization results in?
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Which of the following statements about hermaphroditism is true?
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If there are 20 chromatids in a dividing cell, how many chromosomes are there?
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In which phase of mitosis is the nuclear membrane disappeared?
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Normal human gametes are?
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Which of the following statements about heterozygous genotype is true?
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Which of the following is found during female gamete formation from a primary germ line?
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An X-linked dominant gene causes a disease in humans. What is the probability of giving birth to a sick boy by a woman whose father has the disease?
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Autotrophic organisms obtain their nutrition by?
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Parasitic organisms obtain their nutrition by?
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Charles Darwin discussed all of the following EXCEPT?
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Albumin is the most typical for:
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The gas exchange within the lungs proceeds in:
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Which of the following statements about smooth muscles is true?
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Pepsin?
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Which type of muscles possesses the capability of automatic rhythmic contractions?
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Which is the main artery of the body that originates in the left ventricle of the heart?
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Study Notes
Macromolecules and Genetic Information
- The sequence ATTCGCTATCG could be located in nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).
- Peptide bonds are responsible for joining two amino acid subunits to form proteins.
- The primary structure of a polypeptide is defined by the specific sequence of amino acids.
- Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers.
DNA Processes
- DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
- Key fact: DNA is replicated using complementary base pairing.
- Transcription of the DNA sequence 5' CTT CAG AAC 3' yields mRNA with the sequence 3' GAA GUC UUG 5'.
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Cellular Structure and Function
- Both cells and viruses exhibit the property of reproduction.
- Organisms maintain homeostasis to balance their internal environment with external surroundings.
- Ribosomes are organelles present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, crucial for protein synthesis.
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a system of internal membranes within the cytoplasm.
- Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles responsible for cellular respiration and enclosed by a double membrane.
- The Golgi apparatus is involved in exocytosis, packaging and transporting materials out of the cell.
Cell Division and Genetics
- An infectious agent without nucleic acid, such as prions, can cause diseases.
- After mitosis in a diploid cell, two diploid daughter cells are formed.
- Chromosomes are most condensed during the metaphase phase of mitosis.
- Genetic diversity tends to be highest in populations with sexual reproduction.
- Fertilization produces a diploid zygote from the fusion of two gametes.
- True hermaphroditism allows an organism to possess both male and female reproductive organs.
Chromosomes and Mitosis
- In a cell with 20 chromatids, there are 10 chromosomes present.
- The nuclear membrane disintegrates during prophase of mitosis.
- Normal human gametes are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes.
- Heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles for a trait and can exhibit a dominant phenotype.
Gamete Formation and Genetics
- Female gamete formation involves unequal cytokinesis, leading to one functional ovum and polar bodies.
- An X-linked dominant gene suggests a 50% probability of a woman having a sick son if her father is affected by the condition.
Nutritional Modes
- Autotrophic organisms synthesize their own nutrients through processes like photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
- Parasitic organisms derive nutrients by feeding off a host, often harming it in the process.
Evolution and Physiology
- Charles Darwin's theories encompass natural selection, evolution, and adaptation, but did not address genetics specifically.
- Albumin is primarily a blood plasma protein crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure.
- Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion takes place.
- Smooth muscle fibers are involuntary and lack striations, responding to autonomic control.
- Pepsin, a digestive enzyme, requires an acidic environment in the stomach for optimal function.
- Cardiac muscle exhibits automatic rhythmic contractions due to pacemaker cells.
- The aorta is the main artery that originates from the left ventricle of the heart, distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body.
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Description
This quiz assesses knowledge in biology for the 2017-2018 academic year entrance test at Trakia University, Stara Zagora. It covers various biology topics, including DNA, proteins, and macromolecules.
