Molecular Biology exam questions (2)

<p>Tyrosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By converting into hormone precursors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalently, with glycosidic bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serine and Threonine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as organic coenzymes or prosthetic groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Met-tRNAᵢMet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulates membrane fluidity, maintaining flexibility and stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To verify that the analysis process is functioning properly by using a known DNA sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down glucose and produce ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Makes it less soluble in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary lysosome with a phagosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligosaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The large subunit and small subunit become conjoined to begin translation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins that function in the cytosol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates in the form of starch grains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Break down of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All answers are correct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-formylmethionine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primers will not bind to the template. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unknown ligands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid-rich regions in cell membranes involved in signaling and trafficking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inner membrane of the mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water, salts, and organic molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10,000x (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, and allosomes are sex chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase surface area for ATP production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>formation of the 30nm fiber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To organize microtubules and form the mitotic spindle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attach chromosomes to the spindle during cell division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only hormones, like adrenalin (epinephrine) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80-90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transverse “flip-flop” movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three nucleotides of RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that the PCR process works by using a known DNA sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells that have the ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phase when the cell is preparing for division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of an A-type helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains the site where the tRNA binds to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mechanism by which cells respond to external signals to regulate growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic (ion-channel-coupled) receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdk), which become enzymatically active due to the attachment of cyclins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular signal molecules that stimulate cell proliferation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) to inorganic phosphate Pi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>64 copies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is a process that involves the use of a group of transcriptional regulators working together to express a gene correctly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport of molecules from low to high concentration using energy from ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The final serine-threonine kinase following the direct activation of Ras protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using fluorescent antibodies selective for the CD34 surface protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inside the lipid bilayer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct repair (DR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In phase M (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the activation of a cell-death intracellular program is initiated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tyrosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By phosphorylating intracellular proteins to initiate signaling cascades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamic acid and aspartic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalently, through glycosidic bonds that link the oligosaccharides to specific amino acid residues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serine and Threonine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as organic coenzymes or prosthetic groups that facilitate key biochemical reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M checkpoint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains the site where the tRNA binds to the ribosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic (ion-channel-coupled) receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) to inorganic phosphate (Pi) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process that involves the use of a group of transcriptional regulators working together to express a gene correctly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct repair (DR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulates membrane fluidity, maintaining flexibility and stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In phase M (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the activation of a cell-death intracellular program is initiated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Makes it less soluble in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligosaccharide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins that function in the cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates in the form of starch grains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water, salts, and organic molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid-rich regions in cell membranes involved in signaling and trafficking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, and allosomes are sex chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase surface area for ATP production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To organize microtubules and form the mitotic spindle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attach chromosomes to the spindle during cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80-90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that the PCR process works by using a known DNA sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells that have the ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phase when the cell is preparing for division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process where cells communicate through physical contact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdk), which become enzymatically active due to the attachment of cyclins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>64 copies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport of molecules from low to high concentration using energy from ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quaternary structure of RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Break down of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transverse “flip-flop” movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By scanning along the mRNA from the 5' end (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sphingosine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5’-AAGCCGTT-3’ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents blood clotting by binding calcium ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is toxic and should be handled with care, using gloves and eye protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stains the DNA for visualization in gel electrophoresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A double-stranded, right-handed helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To separate the DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate ATP through cellular respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>72°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides containing a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharide from seaweed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics including banding pattern, centromere position, number, and length.

The specific pattern of light and dark bands on a chromosome during metaphase.

The location of the centromere on the chromosome, affecting its behavior during cell division.

The total count of chromosomes in a cell, defining species-specific traits.

tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

A primary excitatory neurotransmitter that promotes neuronal firing.

A free amino acid precursor for hormones like thyroid hormones and catecholamines.

Tyrosine is converted into precursors for hormones, facilitating signal transmission.

The metabolic cycle where ornithine and citrulline serve as important intermediates.

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, derived from glutamate.

A condensation reaction that produces water as a by-product when forming a peptide bond.

Oligosaccharide chains are attached to proteins via glycosidic bonds to specific amino acids.

Commonly phosphorylated amino acid residues in proteins include serine and threonine.

Essential for body functions because they serve as coenzymes or prosthetic groups in biochemical reactions.

The checkpoint ensuring all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers during mitosis.

Short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that specify amino acids.

The 3D shape of RNA, formed by various interactions.

Region in tRNA crucial for ribosome binding, contains unpaired CCA sequence.

Receptors that respond quickly to neurotransmitters by opening ion channels.

The release of pyrophosphate that makes DNA replication irreversible.

Gene expression regulated by multiple transcriptional regulators together.

A key kinase involved in signal transduction after Ras activation.

Proteins that can include oligosaccharides as components.

Carbohydrates made of more than ten sugar units.

Base pairs connected by hydrogen bonds during translation.

DNA repair mechanism that removes damaged bases and synthesizes new DNA.

Chromosomes with arms of equal length.

Phase where sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.

The basic unit of life that can carry out all functions needed for life.

A type of primary active transport that moves sodium out and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.

Formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome with a phagosome, allowing for the breakdown of larger particles.

When mRNA attaches to a ribosome, the large and small subunits come together to initiate translation.

Breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids within the cell.

Genetically inactive chromatin that is dark-staining and condensed.

Receptors intended for unknown ligands that have not yet been identified.

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, generating ATP.

Involves membrane transport associated with phagocytosis, where cells engulf large particles.

DNA condenses into chromosomes that are 10,000x shorter during metaphase.

A process that requires oxygen to break down macromolecules for ATP energy.

Histone H1 is involved in the formation of the 30 nm fiber structure of chromatin.

A fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, allowing selective permeability.

To separate DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds for replication.

Generate ATP through cellular respiration, acting as the energy currency of the cell.

Lipid-rich regions in cell membranes involved in signaling and trafficking.

Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric chromosomes.

Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, while allosomes are sex chromosomes.

Cristae increase surface area for ATP production in mitochondria.

Centrosomes organize microtubules and form the mitotic spindle.

Kinetochore attaches chromosomes to the spindle during cell division.

Approximately 70% of a cell is water.

A known DNA sample used to ensure the PCR process works.

Cells that can divide and differentiate into various cell types.

Interphase is the phase when the cell is preparing for division.

Primarily determined by cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdk).

Extracellular signal molecules that stimulate cell proliferation.

Transport of molecules from low to high concentration using energy from ATP.

Stem cells that can form all cell types, including placental tissues.

A polymer of nucleotides in a double helix form.

To break down glucose and produce ATP for energy.

The correct sequence is Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain.

Makes a carbohydrate less soluble in water.

A carbohydrate composed of up to 10 monosaccharides.

Produce proteins that function in the cytosol.

Cells that primarily contain starch grains.

The first amino acid in mitochondrial proteins is Methionine.

If set too high, primers will not bind to the template.

An amino acid can be encoded by more than one codon.

Cysteine contains a thiol (-SH) group in its side chain.

Glutamic acid and aspartic acid primarily act as excitatory neurotransmitters.

Serve as precursors in the synthesis of phospholipids.

Proline is a non-polar amino acid with a cyclic side chain.

The feature that is not related to chromosome structure during metaphase, specifically counting chromosomes.

The arrangement of multiple RNA strands into a complex.

Genetically inactive chromatin that appears dark-staining and condensed during interphase.

Oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration to break down macromolecules for ATP.

A strand of DNA that can form a double helix by pairing with itself.

To separate DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds for replication.

A double-stranded, right-handed helical structure composed of nucleotides.

In eukaryotes, recognized by the initiator tRNA binding to the ribosome with mRNA.

Sphingosine is a key component of a glycolipid structure.

It is a primary excitatory neurotransmitter that promotes neuronal firing.

Tyrosine is a free amino acid precursor for hormones like thyroid hormones and catecholamines.

Tyrosine is converted into precursors for hormones, facilitating hormonal signal transmission.

These non-protein amino acids are important intermediates in the urea cycle.

The by-product of the peptide bond formation is water.

Serine and threonine are the most commonly phosphorylated amino acid residues in proteins.

Vitamins serve as organic coenzymes or prosthetic groups that facilitate biochemical reactions.

The M checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers before separation during mitosis.

The addition of nucleotides makes DNA replication irreversible, due to PPi release.

Gene expression regulated by a group of transcriptional regulators working together.

A key kinase activated in a signaling pathway after Ras activation. It phosphorylates proteins.

Carbohydrates consisting of more than ten monosaccharide units.

Anaphase is where sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell.

Programmed cell death initiated by activating a cell-death program.

Histone H1 does not form part of the nucleosome core but plays a stabilizing role.

The lipid bilayer's hydrophobic components are located inside the membrane.

Cyclin B concentration is highest in the M phase (mitosis) of the cell cycle.

The correct order is Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain.

Makes a carbohydrate less soluble in water.

Cytosine is a single-ring (pyrimidine) structure, while Adenine is a double-ring (purine).