Biology DNA Structure and Inheritance Patterns

DNA Structure

• Double Helix Model: DNA is composed of two complementary strands that twist together in a double helix shape.
• Nucleotides: Building blocks of DNA, consisting of:
  • Sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
• Base Pairing: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
• Hydrogen Bonding: Weak bonds between base pairs hold the double helix together

Inheritance Patterns

• Mendelian Inheritance: Laws of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel, including:
  • The Law of Segregation: Each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
  • The Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different traits are sorted independently
  • The Law of Dominance: One allele can be dominant over another
• Punnett Squares: Diagrams used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring
• Inheritance Patterns: Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and polygenic inheritance

Genetic Engineering

• Recombinant DNA Technology: Combining DNA from different sources to create new DNA molecules
• Vectors: DNA molecules used to carry genetic information into host cells (e.g., plasmids, viruses)
• Cloning: Creating multiple copies of a DNA sequence
• Genetic Modification: Introducing genetic changes into an organism's DNA
• Applications: Production of insulin, vaccines, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Genomics

• Genome: The complete set of genetic information in an organism's DNA
• Genomics: The study of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes
• Genome Sequencing: Determining the order of nucleotides in an organism's genome
• Bioinformatics: Using computational tools to analyze and interpret genomic data
• Applications: Personalized medicine, genetic disease diagnosis, and understanding evolutionary relationships

DNA Structure

• DNA is composed of two complementary strands that twist together in a double helix shape, forming a Double Helix Model.
• Nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA, consist of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T).
• Base Pairing occurs between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), and between Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C).
• Hydrogen Bonding involves weak bonds between base pairs, holding the double helix together.

Inheritance Patterns

• Mendelian Inheritance laws, discovered by Gregor Mendel, include the Law of Segregation, where each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation, and the Law of Independent Assortment, where alleles for different traits are sorted independently.
• The Law of Dominance states that one allele can be dominant over another.
• Punnett Squares are diagrams used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.
• Inheritance Patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and polygenic inheritance.

Genetic Engineering

• Recombinant DNA Technology combines DNA from different sources to create new DNA molecules.
• Vectors, such as plasmids and viruses, are DNA molecules used to carry genetic information into host cells.
• Cloning involves creating multiple copies of a DNA sequence.
• Genetic Modification introduces genetic changes into an organism's DNA.
• Applications of genetic engineering include the Production of Insulin, Vaccines, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Genomics

• The Genome is the complete set of genetic information in an organism's DNA.
• Genomics is the study of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes.
• Genome Sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in an organism's genome.
• Bioinformatics uses computational tools to analyze and interpret genomic data.
• Applications of genomics include Personalized Medicine, Genetic Disease Diagnosis, and understanding Evolutionary Relationships.