Biology Class Taxonomy Notes

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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes Eubacteria?

They are unicellular and eukaryotic organisms.

They are prokaryotic organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus. (correct)

They possess a nucleus and are multicellular.

They require light for energy and are primarily multicellular.

What is a characteristic feature of viruses?

They contain genetic material but lack cellular structure. (correct)

They are living organisms capable of energy production.

They can reproduce independently without a host.

They consist of a nucleus and cytoplasm.

Which of the following correctly distinguishes between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs derive energy from consuming organic matter, while heterotrophs convert light into chemical energy.

Autotrophs capture light and convert it into chemical energy, whereas heterotrophs obtain energy from organic carbon. (correct)

Autotrophs and heterotrophs are both types of bacteria with similar energy acquisition methods.

Both groups can produce their own energy but use different sources.

What best describes the shape of cocci bacteria?

They are spherical in shape. Signup and view all the answers

Which domain includes extremophiles that thrive in extreme conditions?

Archaea, known for their ability to withstand extreme environments. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts that make up a binomial name?

Genus name and Species name Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the hierarchical classification system known as K.P.C.O.F.G.S?

Culture Signup and view all the answers

In which Kingdom would you classify an elephant?

Animalia Signup and view all the answers

Which category comes immediately after 'Family' in the K.P.C.O.F.G.S classification system?

Order Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct classification for humans in the context of the 6 Kingdoms?

Kingdom: Animal, Phylum: Chordates, Class: Mammalia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates viruses from living organisms?

They are classified based on their size, shape, and genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is an example of an RNA virus?

Influenza Viruses Signup and view all the answers

In the lytic cycle, what is the first step that occurs?

Virus attachment to a host cell Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens during the lysogenic cycle in viral infection?

The viral genetic material becomes dormant within the host cell's DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the mutation rate of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?

RNA viruses have a higher mutation rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shapes describes a virus that has a complex structure?

A combination of a polyhedral capsid and a helical protein tail. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome typically characterizes a virus with DNA?

Greater stability and generally effective vaccines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the cell wall in mycelium?

Chitin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fungi feeds on dead matter and recycles nutrients in ecosystems?

Saprobial Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following taxonomic groups is known as club-like fungi?

Basidiomycota Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method of reproduction in fungi?

Asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship do mutualistic fungi have with plants?

They help plants absorb nutrients while feeding on roots. Signup and view all the answers

What does the endosymbiosis theory explain?

The evolution of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes plant-like protists?

They use chloroplasts to make their own food but can also ingest food. Signup and view all the answers

What method of reproduction involves the joining of two protists for genetic material transfer?

Conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What role do protists typically play in ecosystems?

They act as decomposers in a majority of ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogenic protist is known to cause malaria?

Plasmodium Signup and view all the answers

How do fungus-like protists primarily obtain nutrients?

By decomposing organic material Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of protozoans?

They are autotrophic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which fungus-like protists move?

Cytoplasmic streaming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about autotrophic protists is true?

They can also ingest food when sunlight is not available. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of pathogenic protists such as Trypanosomes?

They infect human blood and cause diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Taxonomy and Classification

Taxonomy classifies species based on a hierarchical system.
Binomial Nomenclature: two-part naming system for species; uses Genus and specific name.
K.P.C.O.F.G.S: Acronym for Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Example for humans:
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Primates
- Family: Hominidae
- Genus: Homo
- Species: Homo sapiens

Kingdoms of Life

K.P.C.O.F.G.S applies to six kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Eubacteria.
Plantae: green sprout example
Animalia: elephant and calf example
Fungi: mushroom with orange cap
Protista: microscopic organism with a nucleus
Archaebacteria: unicellular extremophiles

Definitions in Biology

Unicellular: consists of a single cell.
Multicellular: consists of multiple cells.
Prokaryotic: lacking a nucleus; the earliest life forms.
Eukaryotic: cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
Autotrophs: organisms that synthesize their own food using sunlight.
Heterotrophs: organisms that obtain energy from organic materials.

Bacterial Shapes

Bacillus: rod-shaped bacteria.
Spirillum: spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria.
Coccus: spherical-shaped bacteria.

Domains of Life

Three main domains:
- Archaea: prokaryotic extremophiles.
- Eubacteria: prokaryotic bacteria.
- Eukarya: eukaryotic organisms.

Viruses

Viruses are nonliving entities, acellular, and lack cytoplasm.
Cannot reproduce independently or produce energy.
Only treatable with antivirals or vaccines, not antibiotics.

Structure of Viruses

Contain a core of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
Surrounded by a protein coat known as a capsid.

Origin and Classification of Viruses

Unclear origin; hypotheses suggest they might be remnants of larger organisms or once-independent life forms.
Classified based on size, shape, and type of genetic material.

Virus Shapes

Helical: rod-like structure.
Polyhedral: multi-sided shape.
Complex: a combination of helical and polyhedral structures.

RNA vs DNA Viruses

RNA viruses: higher mutation rates; examples include HIV and influenza.
DNA viruses: more stability; examples include chickenpox and herpes.

Viral Infection Cycles

Lytic Cycle: virus attaches to a host, injects genetic material, multiplies, and bursts the cell.
- Steps: Attachment, Injection, Replication, Assembly, Release.
Lysogenic Cycle: viral DNA integrates into host DNA, can remain dormant until trigger initiates the lytic cycle.
- Steps: Attachment, Injection, Integration, Dormancy, Triggering.

Kingdom Protista

Endosymbiosis theory describes the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
Animals like protozoans are heterotrophic, while plant-like protists are autotrophic.
Fungus-like protists decompose organic matter and may reproduce through binary fission or conjugation.

Role of Protists in Ecosystems

Serve as decomposers and form the base of aquatic food chains.
Exhibit symbiotic relationships, providing oxygen through photosynthesis.

Pathogenic Protists

Can cause diseases like sleeping sickness from Trypanosomes and malaria from Plasmodium.

Kingdom Fungi

Heterotrophic; decompose organic material for nutrition.
Mycelium: the underground network made of hyphae; cell walls contain chitin.

Types of Fungi

Parasitic: invade other organisms.
Predatory: trap small organisms.
Mutualistic: form beneficial partnerships with plants.
Saprobial: feed on dead matter and recycle nutrients.

Reproduction in Fungi

Primarily asexual reproduction through fragmentation or producing spores.

Taxonomy of Fungi

Ascomycota: sac-like fungi.
Basidiomycota: club-like fungi.
Zygomycota: case-like fungi.
Chytridiomycota: aquatic fungi.
Deuteromycota: imperfect fungi with no known sexual reproduction.

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.
Reproduce via both sexual and asexual methods.

Plant Classification

Nonvascular: e.g., mosses; lack root systems.
Vascular: e.g., ferns; possess conducting tissues.
Gymnosperms: seed-producing plants without flowers.
Angiosperms: flowering plants.

Animal Kingdom

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls.
Exhibit bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and locomotion.
17 phyla exist; Chordata includes vertebrates, while the remaining are invertebrates.

Key Concepts

Conjugation: genetic material transfer in bacteria.
Mitosis: equal division of chromosomes.
Binary Fission: asexual reproduction resulting in identical offspring.
Budding: offspring developing from a part of the parent organism.

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These notes summarize crucial concepts in taxonomy and binomial nomenclature from your biology class. They are tailored to help you study efficiently and comprehensively for future tests. Use these notes as a personal study resource to enhance your retention of the material.