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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes Eubacteria?
Which statement accurately describes Eubacteria?
- They are unicellular and eukaryotic organisms.
- They are prokaryotic organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus. (correct)
- They possess a nucleus and are multicellular.
- They require light for energy and are primarily multicellular.
What is a characteristic feature of viruses?
What is a characteristic feature of viruses?
- They contain genetic material but lack cellular structure. (correct)
- They are living organisms capable of energy production.
- They can reproduce independently without a host.
- They consist of a nucleus and cytoplasm.
Which of the following correctly distinguishes between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Which of the following correctly distinguishes between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
- Autotrophs derive energy from consuming organic matter, while heterotrophs convert light into chemical energy.
- Autotrophs capture light and convert it into chemical energy, whereas heterotrophs obtain energy from organic carbon. (correct)
- Autotrophs and heterotrophs are both types of bacteria with similar energy acquisition methods.
- Both groups can produce their own energy but use different sources.
What best describes the shape of cocci bacteria?
What best describes the shape of cocci bacteria?
Which domain includes extremophiles that thrive in extreme conditions?
Which domain includes extremophiles that thrive in extreme conditions?
What are the two parts that make up a binomial name?
What are the two parts that make up a binomial name?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the hierarchical classification system known as K.P.C.O.F.G.S?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the hierarchical classification system known as K.P.C.O.F.G.S?
In which Kingdom would you classify an elephant?
In which Kingdom would you classify an elephant?
Which category comes immediately after 'Family' in the K.P.C.O.F.G.S classification system?
Which category comes immediately after 'Family' in the K.P.C.O.F.G.S classification system?
What is the correct classification for humans in the context of the 6 Kingdoms?
What is the correct classification for humans in the context of the 6 Kingdoms?
What is a key characteristic that differentiates viruses from living organisms?
What is a key characteristic that differentiates viruses from living organisms?
Which of the following viruses is an example of an RNA virus?
Which of the following viruses is an example of an RNA virus?
In the lytic cycle, what is the first step that occurs?
In the lytic cycle, what is the first step that occurs?
What typically happens during the lysogenic cycle in viral infection?
What typically happens during the lysogenic cycle in viral infection?
Which statement best describes the mutation rate of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?
Which statement best describes the mutation rate of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?
Which of the following shapes describes a virus that has a complex structure?
Which of the following shapes describes a virus that has a complex structure?
What outcome typically characterizes a virus with DNA?
What outcome typically characterizes a virus with DNA?
What is the primary component of the cell wall in mycelium?
What is the primary component of the cell wall in mycelium?
Which type of fungi feeds on dead matter and recycles nutrients in ecosystems?
Which type of fungi feeds on dead matter and recycles nutrients in ecosystems?
Which of the following taxonomic groups is known as club-like fungi?
Which of the following taxonomic groups is known as club-like fungi?
What is the most common method of reproduction in fungi?
What is the most common method of reproduction in fungi?
What type of relationship do mutualistic fungi have with plants?
What type of relationship do mutualistic fungi have with plants?
What does the endosymbiosis theory explain?
What does the endosymbiosis theory explain?
Which of the following correctly describes plant-like protists?
Which of the following correctly describes plant-like protists?
What method of reproduction involves the joining of two protists for genetic material transfer?
What method of reproduction involves the joining of two protists for genetic material transfer?
What role do protists typically play in ecosystems?
What role do protists typically play in ecosystems?
Which pathogenic protist is known to cause malaria?
Which pathogenic protist is known to cause malaria?
How do fungus-like protists primarily obtain nutrients?
How do fungus-like protists primarily obtain nutrients?
What is NOT a characteristic of protozoans?
What is NOT a characteristic of protozoans?
What is the primary method through which fungus-like protists move?
What is the primary method through which fungus-like protists move?
Which of the following statements about autotrophic protists is true?
Which of the following statements about autotrophic protists is true?
What is a distinguishing feature of pathogenic protists such as Trypanosomes?
What is a distinguishing feature of pathogenic protists such as Trypanosomes?
Study Notes
Taxonomy and Classification
- Taxonomy classifies species based on a hierarchical system.
- Binomial Nomenclature: two-part naming system for species; uses Genus and specific name.
- K.P.C.O.F.G.S: Acronym for Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
- Example for humans:
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Primates
- Family: Hominidae
- Genus: Homo
- Species: Homo sapiens
Kingdoms of Life
- K.P.C.O.F.G.S applies to six kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Eubacteria.
- Plantae: green sprout example
- Animalia: elephant and calf example
- Fungi: mushroom with orange cap
- Protista: microscopic organism with a nucleus
- Archaebacteria: unicellular extremophiles
Definitions in Biology
- Unicellular: consists of a single cell.
- Multicellular: consists of multiple cells.
- Prokaryotic: lacking a nucleus; the earliest life forms.
- Eukaryotic: cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Autotrophs: organisms that synthesize their own food using sunlight.
- Heterotrophs: organisms that obtain energy from organic materials.
Bacterial Shapes
- Bacillus: rod-shaped bacteria.
- Spirillum: spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria.
- Coccus: spherical-shaped bacteria.
Domains of Life
- Three main domains:
- Archaea: prokaryotic extremophiles.
- Eubacteria: prokaryotic bacteria.
- Eukarya: eukaryotic organisms.
Viruses
- Viruses are nonliving entities, acellular, and lack cytoplasm.
- Cannot reproduce independently or produce energy.
- Only treatable with antivirals or vaccines, not antibiotics.
Structure of Viruses
- Contain a core of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- Surrounded by a protein coat known as a capsid.
Origin and Classification of Viruses
- Unclear origin; hypotheses suggest they might be remnants of larger organisms or once-independent life forms.
- Classified based on size, shape, and type of genetic material.
Virus Shapes
- Helical: rod-like structure.
- Polyhedral: multi-sided shape.
- Complex: a combination of helical and polyhedral structures.
RNA vs DNA Viruses
- RNA viruses: higher mutation rates; examples include HIV and influenza.
- DNA viruses: more stability; examples include chickenpox and herpes.
Viral Infection Cycles
-
Lytic Cycle: virus attaches to a host, injects genetic material, multiplies, and bursts the cell.
- Steps: Attachment, Injection, Replication, Assembly, Release.
-
Lysogenic Cycle: viral DNA integrates into host DNA, can remain dormant until trigger initiates the lytic cycle.
- Steps: Attachment, Injection, Integration, Dormancy, Triggering.
Kingdom Protista
- Endosymbiosis theory describes the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
- Animals like protozoans are heterotrophic, while plant-like protists are autotrophic.
- Fungus-like protists decompose organic matter and may reproduce through binary fission or conjugation.
Role of Protists in Ecosystems
- Serve as decomposers and form the base of aquatic food chains.
- Exhibit symbiotic relationships, providing oxygen through photosynthesis.
Pathogenic Protists
- Can cause diseases like sleeping sickness from Trypanosomes and malaria from Plasmodium.
Kingdom Fungi
- Heterotrophic; decompose organic material for nutrition.
- Mycelium: the underground network made of hyphae; cell walls contain chitin.
Types of Fungi
- Parasitic: invade other organisms.
- Predatory: trap small organisms.
- Mutualistic: form beneficial partnerships with plants.
- Saprobial: feed on dead matter and recycle nutrients.
Reproduction in Fungi
- Primarily asexual reproduction through fragmentation or producing spores.
Taxonomy of Fungi
- Ascomycota: sac-like fungi.
- Basidiomycota: club-like fungi.
- Zygomycota: case-like fungi.
- Chytridiomycota: aquatic fungi.
- Deuteromycota: imperfect fungi with no known sexual reproduction.
Kingdom Plantae
- Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.
- Reproduce via both sexual and asexual methods.
Plant Classification
- Nonvascular: e.g., mosses; lack root systems.
- Vascular: e.g., ferns; possess conducting tissues.
- Gymnosperms: seed-producing plants without flowers.
- Angiosperms: flowering plants.
Animal Kingdom
- Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls.
- Exhibit bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and locomotion.
- 17 phyla exist; Chordata includes vertebrates, while the remaining are invertebrates.
Key Concepts
- Conjugation: genetic material transfer in bacteria.
- Mitosis: equal division of chromosomes.
- Binary Fission: asexual reproduction resulting in identical offspring.
- Budding: offspring developing from a part of the parent organism.
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These notes summarize crucial concepts in taxonomy and binomial nomenclature from your biology class. They are tailored to help you study efficiently and comprehensively for future tests. Use these notes as a personal study resource to enhance your retention of the material.
