Biology Taxonomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of taxonomy?

  • To identify and classify organisms (correct)
  • To examine genetic variations
  • To measure ecological impact
  • To study animal behavior

Who introduced the two-word naming system known as binomial nomenclature?

  • Carolus Linnaeus (correct)
  • Gregory Mendel
  • Carl Woese
  • Charles Darwin

Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Kingdoms of life?

  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Monera

Which kingdom includes organisms that are single-celled eukaryotes?

<p>Protista (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What taxonomic rank is immediately below the kingdom level in Linnaeus’s classification system?

<p>Phylum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Kingdom Monera is true?

<p>Eubacteria are part of Kingdom Monera. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism example is most likely found in Kingdom Fungi?

<p>Yeast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of all fungi?

<p>They feed on decaying matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three molecules that make up a nucleotide?

<p>Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base pairs with Adenine in DNA?

<p>Thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source of genetic variation occurs through changes in the DNA sequence?

<p>Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of DNA?

<p>Double-stranded double helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is an example of random gene distribution during meiosis?

<p>Independent assortment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of evolutionary change can result from mutations in DNA?

<p>Positive, negative, or neutral traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT an agent of evolutionary change?

<p>Phenotypic plasticity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which humans select desirable traits in organisms for breeding?

<p>Artificial Selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptation involves inherited physical features?

<p>Anatomical Adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the change in gene frequency due to random chance in a population?

<p>Genetic Drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptation is exemplified by bear hibernation?

<p>Physiological Adaptation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a species in biological terms?

<p>A group that can breed and produce fertile offspring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect occurs when a population's size is drastically reduced due to an environmental event?

<p>Bottleneck Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for traits that are favored by sexual selection, such as a peacock's tail?

<p>Secondary Sexual Characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes gene migration?

<p>The introduction of new genes from one population to another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms is characterized as multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic?

<p>Kingdom Plantae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do phylogenetic trees demonstrate regarding evolutionary relationships?

<p>Relations between ancestors and descendants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used to establish evolutionary relationships?

<p>External environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cladograms primarily used to show?

<p>Similarities among species characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes homologous body structures?

<p>They are similar structures adapted for different functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage do vertebrate embryos show significant similarities?

<p>Early embryonic development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes dichotomous keys?

<p>They consist of a series of paired statements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do biochemical relationships, such as DNA comparisons, indicate?

<p>Greater similarities in closely related species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process where an ancestral species evolves into several new species by adapting to various environments?

<p>Adaptive Radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of mass extinction events?

<p>They allow surviving species to exploit new niches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of mimicry in evolution?

<p>A stick bug resembling a leaf (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reproductive isolation refer to in the context of speciation?

<p>The inability of hybrid offspring to reproduce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts describes the phenomenon where unrelated species evolve similar traits?

<p>Convergent Evolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the gradualism model of evolution differ from punctuated equilibrium?

<p>Gradualism involves slow and steady evolutionary change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly represents the steps leading to speciation as demonstrated by Darwin's Finches?

<p>Founders Arrive → Geographic Isolation → Reproductive Isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves two species evolving in response to each other?

<p>Coevolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Taxonomy?

The science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A two-word naming system used in taxonomy, where the first word is the genus and the second is the species.

What is Linnaean Classification?

A hierarchical classification system used in taxonomy, which groups organisms into seven categories based on shared characteristics, from largest to smallest: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

What is Kingdom Monera?

A group of single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

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What is Kingdom Protista?

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms with diverse characteristics, including animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like.

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What is Kingdom Fungi?

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic and typically saprophytic, meaning they feed on dead or decaying matter.

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What are Eubacteria?

Single-celled prokaryotes known as "true bacteria" that are found in most environments.

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What are Archaebacteria?

Single-celled prokaryotes known as "ancient bacteria" or "extremophiles" that thrive in harsh environments.

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Phylogenetic Tree

A visual tool that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms, including how much they've changed over time.

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Cladogram

A diagram that only illustrates shared traits between species, not their ancestry.

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Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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Similarities in Morphology

Comparing the physical structures of different species to determine evolutionary relationships.

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Biochemical Relationships

Analyzing DNA and other biochemical components to reveal evolutionary relationships.

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Homologous Body Structures

Similar body parts in different species, even if their functions are different, suggest a common ancestor.

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Fossil Record

Examining fossils to track species changes over time and understand evolutionary relationships.

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Embryonic Development

Comparing early stages of development in related species to identify similarities that point to common ancestry.

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What is DNA's role in heredity?

The process of transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next.

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How do nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?

Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T) and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C).

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What is a mutation?

Changes in the DNA sequence caused by mutagens such as radiation, chemicals, or viruses.

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What is crossing-over?

The process of two homologous chromosomes exchanging genetic material during Prophase I of meiosis, resulting in new combinations of genes.

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What is independent assortment?

The random orientation and pairing of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis.

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What is genetic evolution?

Changes in the frequency of certain genes in a population over time.

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What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequencies due to random chance, especially impactful in small populations.

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What is gene flow?

A change in allele frequencies due to the movement of individuals between populations, introducing new genes or removing existing ones.

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What is Speciation?

The process by which new species arise from existing ones.

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What is a species?

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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What is Reproductive Isolation?

The inability of two species to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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What is Evolution?

A change in the allele frequencies of a population over time.

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What is Convergent Evolution?

When unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environments or pressures.

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What is Parallel Evolution?

When related species evolve similar traits in response to similar environmental conditions.

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What is Coevolution?

When two species evolve in response to each other, often in a symbiotic relationship.

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What is Mimicry?

When a species evolves to resemble another species, providing protection or advantage.

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What is the Founder Effect?

A type of genetic drift where a small group of individuals from a larger population colonizes a new area, leading to a different gene pool in the new population.

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What is the Bottleneck Effect?

A type of genetic drift where a population experiences a drastic reduction in size, often due to a catastrophic event, resulting in a less diverse gene pool.

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What is natural selection?

A process where individuals with certain advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.

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What is artificial selection?

A process where humans intentionally select and breed organisms with desirable traits, leading to changes in populations over time.

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What are anatomical adaptations?

Inherited physical characteristics that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in its environment.

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What are physiological adaptations?

Inherited processes that regulate life activities, helping organisms cope with their environment.

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Study Notes

Taxonomy

  • Taxonomy is the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.
  • Carolus Linnaeus (1753) made significant contributions to taxonomy.
  • His first contribution was the development of binomial nomenclature, a two-word naming system.
  • His second contribution was a hierarchical classification system using categories called taxa, based on physical characteristics.
  • The Linnaean classification system included seven hierarchical taxa:
    • Kingdom
    • Phylum
    • Class
    • Order
    • Family
    • Genus
    • Species
  • In 1977, Carl Woese introduced a new taxon: domain.
  • Binomial nomenclature involves writing the genus name first (capitalized) and the species name second (lowercased), both italicized.

Five Kingdoms

  • The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

  • Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)

    • Monerans are single-celled prokaryotes from the Domain Eubacteria.
    • They are known as “true bacteria” and live in various environments (e.g., E. coli).
    • Archaebacteria are another group of single-celled prokaryotes, categorized as “ancient bacteria” or “extremophiles.”
    • They live in harsh environments like those with high temperatures, salt concentrations, or extreme acidity.

  • Kingdom Protista (Protozoans) are single-celled eukaryotes.

    • They can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like (e.g., Amoeba).

  • Kingdom Fungi:

    • Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes, usually saprophytic (feeding on dead or decaying matter).
    • Examples include water molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and bread molds.

  • Kingdom Plantae:

    • Plants are multicellular eukaryotes and are photosynthetic.
    • Examples include algae, mosses, ferns, trees, and flowers.

  • Kingdom Animalia:

    • Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes.
    • They include invertebrates and vertebrates.

Dichotomous Keys

  • Dichotomous keys help determine the identity of an organism based on its physical characteristics.
  • They consist of paired statements, leading to a specific identification.

Phylogeny

  • Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
  • Two diagrams used to depict phylogeny are phylogenetic trees and cladograms.
  • Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relationships, with closer relatives branching closer together, and time passing through longer branches.
  • Cladograms illustrate similarities among species by grouping organisms with shared characteristics.

DNA's Role in Evolution: Variation

  • DNA provides the genetic information that causes variation in organisms.
  • Variations are physical differences in individuals, based on genes/genetic variations. (e.g., height differences in humans)
  • Two sources of variations in a population are mutation and sexual reproduction.

Mutation

  • Mutation is change in DNA sequence due to mutagens (radiation, chemicals, or viruses).
  • Mutations lead to new genes and traits, can be positive, negative, or neutral.

Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction leads to new combinations of genes through crossing-over (exchange of DNA) and independent assortment (random positioning of chromosomes) during meiosis.

Adaptations

  • Adaptations are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's chance of survival and reproduction.
  • Adaptations can be categorized as anatomical (physical features), physiological (internal processes), or behavioral (instincts or learning abilities).

Speciation

  • Speciation is the process where new species arise from pre-existing ones.
  • Factors that lead to different species include:
  • Different numbers of chromosomes
  • Different mating behaviors
  • Different breeding seasons
  • Incompatible eggs and sperm

Patterns & Rate of Evolution

  • Large-scale evolutionary patterns and processes occur over long periods of time. - Mass extinction - Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution) - Convergent evolution - Parallel evolution - Coevolution - Mimicry - Gradualism /Punctuated equilibrium model

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Bio11 Notes: Taxonomy & Evolution PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the classification of living organisms with this quiz on taxonomy. Explore concepts such as the Five Kingdoms, binomial nomenclature, and specific characteristics of kingdoms. Ideal for biology students and enthusiasts alike.

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