Biology Class 10 ICSE
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Questions and Answers

Where is chlorophyll contained?

Walls of thylakoids

Which types of chlorophyll are mentioned?

  • Chlorophyll d
  • Chlorophyll a (correct)
  • Chlorophyll b (correct)
  • Chlorophyll c

    • What does chlorophyll trap?

    Sunlight

    What is photolysis?

    <p>Splitting of water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen in the presence of light and grana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do light reactions take place?

    <p>Thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the light-independent phase occur?

    <p>Stroma of chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photophosphorylation?

    <p>Converting ADP into ATP by adding one phosphate group using light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NADP stand for?

    <p>Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves several glucose molecules producing one molecule of starch?

    <p>Polymerisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are other names of sucrose?

    <p>Double sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptations for photosynthesis are mentioned?

    <p>Extensive vein system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the end products of photosynthesis?

    <p>Glucose, water, oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways is glucose used by plants?

    <p>Converted into sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photorespiration?

    <p>Oxygen used in respiration in the leaf cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which external factors affect photosynthesis?

    <p>Light intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which internal factors affect photosynthesis?

    <p>Protoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum temperature when photosynthesis occurs best?

    <p>35°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a leaf dipped in boiling water?

    <p>To kill the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of methylated spirit in photosynthesis experiments?

    <p>Removal of chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does iodine solution indicate?

    <p>Presence of starch will be indicated by a blue-black color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of plants with variegated leaves?

    <p>Croton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are examples of water plants?

    <p>Hydrilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical absorbs carbon dioxide?

    <p>Potassium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do non-green plants obtain their nourishment?

    <p>From decaying organic matter in their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction showing photosynthesis?

    <p>6 CO2 + 12 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation?

    <p>Sudden change in the structure or number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Dominance state?

    <p>Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one will express itself while the other remains suppressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Segregation?

    <p>Two members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

    <p>The distribution of the alleles of one character into gametes is independent of the distribution of the alleles of the other character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross is :

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross is ::___

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sex-linked inheritance?

    <p>Appearance of a trait which is due to the presence of an allele exclusively on the X or Y chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an allele?

    <p>Alternative forms of a gene, occupying the same position on homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genotype?

    <p>The set of genes present in the cells of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phenotype?

    <p>The observable characteristic which is genetically controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pedigree chart?

    <p>A diagram showing the ancestral history of a group of related individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genes?

    <p>The specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome that encode particular proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic?

    <p>Inheritable feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trait?

    <p>Alternative forms of a character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are variations?

    <p>Small differences among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heredity?

    <p>Transmission of genetically based characteristics from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are homologous chromosomes?

    <p>A pair of corresponding chromosomes of the same shape and size, one from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genome?

    <p>Full complement of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homozygous?

    <p>Having two similar alleles of the same gene at the corresponding sites on homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evolution?

    <p>It is a slow and continuous process whereby complex forms of life have emerged from simpler forms through millions of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Jean Baptiste de Lamarck propose?

    <p>Inheritance of acquired characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Charles Darwin known for?

    <p>Theory of natural selection or Darwinism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of vestigial organs?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of natural selection includes ___, struggle for existence, ___, survival of the fittest.

    <p>Overproduction, variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is speciation?

    <p>Origin of new species by gradual modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classical example of natural selection?

    <p>Biston betularia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is referred to as the father of evolution?

    <p>Charles Darwin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who gave mankind the scientific name Homo sapiens?

    <p>Carl Linnaeus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cranial capacity of Australopithecus?

    <p>450-600 cm cube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cranial capacity of Homo habilis?

    <p>680-735 cm cube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cranial capacity of Homo erectus?

    <p>800-1125 cm cube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cranial capacity of Neanderthal man?

    <p>1450 cm cube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cranial capacity of Cro-Magnon?

    <p>1600 cm cube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first hormone to be discovered in plants?

    <p>Auxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indole-3-acetic acid known as?

    <p>IAA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does apical dominance refer to?

    <p>The phenomenon of the suppression of growth of lateral buds by apical buds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is parthenocarpy?

    <p>Auxins can induce fruit formation without fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most studied form of gibberellins?

    <p>Ga3 Gibberellic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only hormone that is a gas at ordinary temperature?

    <p>Ethylene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the growth-retarding hormone?

    <p>Abscisic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the world population day?

    <p>July 11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three great cultural revolutions are ___, agricultural revolution, ___

    <p>Tool making, scientific industrial revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does population explosion refer to?

    <p>The rapid and massive rise in the world population that has occurred over the last few hundred years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some reasons for the sharp rise in World human population?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some reasons for adopting control measures in population?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors responsible for population explosion in India?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a resource?

    <p>Any substance, resource, or organism used by humans for their welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Production of food rises by ___ progression.

    <p>Arithmetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Population grows by ___ progression.

    <p>Geometrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sustainable development mean?

    <p>Development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is demography?

    <p>Statistical study of human population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is population density?

    <p>It is the number of individuals per square kilometer at any given time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does natality refer to?

    <p>It is the number of live births per thousand people of population per year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mortality refer to?

    <p>It is the number of deaths per thousand of population per year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the growth rate of population?

    <p>Difference between birth rate and death rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is family welfare?

    <p>Offices in hospitals offering help or advice about family planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the full form of IUD?

    <p>Intrauterine devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tubectomy?

    <p>Female surgical method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vasectomy?

    <p>Male surgical method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the full form of MTP?

    <p>Medical termination of pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is waste?

    <p>Any unwanted or undesirable material resulting from various operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biodegradable waste?

    <p>Substances that can be broken down by microorganisms into harmless forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pollution?

    <p>Addition of constituents to air, water, or land that deteriorates environmental quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is air pollution?

    <p>Degradation of air quality affecting living organisms and objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main gaseous pollutants?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls vehicular air pollution?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is smog?

    <p>Smoke mixed with dust and small drops of fog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is water pollution?

    <p>Any change in water quality making it unsuitable for use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sewage?

    <p>Liquid waste from domestic activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are oil spills?

    <p>Accidental discharge of petroleum into oceans or estuaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sources of oil spills?

    <p>Overturned oil tankers, offshore oil mining, oil refineries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sanitary landfill?

    <p>Places where wastes are dumped and covered with dirt every day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DDT?

    <p>Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is noise pollution?

    <p>Any unpleasant sound interfering with hearing and concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are harmful effects of noise pollution?

    <p>Interferes in communication, lowers work efficiency, disturbs sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are harmful effects of acid rain?

    <p>Damage to vegetation, erosion of monuments, decay of building materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is International Ozone Day?

    <p>September 16.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are harmful effects of water pollution?

    <p>Diseases like cholera, jaundice, typhoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are effects of soil pollution?

    <p>Pesticides may cause health problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of the Clean India movement?

    <p>Eliminate open defecation and clean infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imbibition is the phenomenon by which cells absorb _____ by surface attraction.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diffusion?

    <p>Free movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmosis?

    <p>Movement of water molecules from higher to lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    End osmosis refers to the inward diffusion of water causing the cell to _____.

    <p>swell up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exosmosis refers to the outward diffusion of water causing the cell to _____.

    <p>shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmotic pressure?

    <p>The minimum pressure required to prevent passage of pure solvent into the solution through a semipermeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tonicity determine?

    <p>The relative concentration of a solution that determines the direction and extent of diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active transport?

    <p>Passage of a substance from lower to higher concentration using energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is turgidity?

    <p>A state where a cell cannot accommodate more water, i.e., it is fully distended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is turgor pressure?

    <p>Pressure of cell contents on the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is wall pressure?

    <p>Pressure of the cell wall on the cell contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is plasmolysis?

    <p>Contraction of cytoplasm from the cell wall caused by water withdrawal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is flaccidity?

    <p>Condition where cell content shrinks and the cell is no longer tight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reversal of plasmolysis?

    <p>Deplasmolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is root pressure?

    <p>Pressure developed in the roots due to continued inward movement of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is guttation?

    <p>Drops of water along the leaf margin due to excessive root pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are forces contributing to the ascent of sap?

    <p>Transpiration pull, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cohesion?

    <p>Molecular attraction by which particles of a body are united.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bleeding in plants?

    <p>Loss of water (cell sap) through a cut stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of turgor movement?

    <p>Rapid drooping of the leaves of the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transpiration?

    <p>Loss of water in the form of water vapor from leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cobalt chloride paper indicate?

    <p>Blue when dry, pink when exposed to moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potometer?

    <p>A device that measures the rate of water intake by a plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Darwin's potometer?

    <p>Suction force created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Garreau's potometer?

    <p>Unequal transpiration from the two surfaces of a dorsiventral leaf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the kinds of transpiration?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lenticels?

    <p>Special openings in the bark of older plants for gas diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are external factors affecting transpiration?

    <p>Intensity of sunlight, temperature, velocity of wind, humidity, carbon dioxide, atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are internal factors affecting transpiration?

    <p>Water content of the leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are adaptations to reduce excessive transpiration?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of transpiration?

    <p>Cooling effect, suction force, distribution of water and mineral salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are special pore-bearing structures in plants?

    <p>Hydathodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photosynthesis?

    <p>The process by which living plant cells produce food from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis is the only biological process that releases oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics and Inheritance

    • Mutation: Sudden change in the structure or number of chromosomes.
    • Law of Dominance: In a pair of contrasting characters, only one expresses itself while the other is suppressed.
    • Law of Segregation: Two members of a factor pair separate during gamete formation.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of one character distribute independently from those of another.
    • Monohybrid Ratio: Phenotypic ratio of 3:1 and genotypic ratio of 1:2:1.
    • Dihybrid Ratio: Phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1; genotypic ratio is more complex.
    • Sex-linked Inheritance: Traits expressed due to alleles only on X or Y chromosomes.
    • Allele: Alternative forms of a gene affecting the same characteristic in different ways.
    • Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
    • Phenotype: Observable characteristics influenced by genotype.

    Evolutionary Concepts

    • Heredity: Transmission of genetic traits from parents to offspring.
    • Homologous Chromosomes: Paired chromosomes with similar shape and size from each parent.
    • Genome: Complete set of DNA in an organism.
    • Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene.
    • Evolution: Gradual process by which complex life forms evolve from simpler ones over millions of years.
    • Lamarck: Proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characters.
    • Charles Darwin: Proposed the theory of natural selection, also known as Darwinism.

    Hormones and Plant Growth

    • Auxins: First discovered plant hormone; responsible for growth regulation.
    • Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA): The primary natural auxin.
    • Apical Dominance: Suppression of lateral bud growth by apical buds.
    • Parthenocarpy: Fruit formation without fertilization induced by auxins (e.g., apples, bananas).

    Population Dynamics

    • World Population Day: Celebrated on July 11.
    • Population Explosion: Rapid rise in global population attributed to improved healthcare, nutrition, and reduced mortality rates.
    • Demography: Study of human population statistics.
    • Population Density: Number of individuals per square kilometer.
    • Natality: Number of live births per thousand people per year.
    • Mortality: Number of deaths per thousand people per year.

    Pollution and Waste Management

    • Pollution: Introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
    • Biodegradable Waste: Substances that can be decomposed by microorganisms.
    • Noise Pollution: Unpleasant sounds that interfere with communication and concentration.

    Plant Physiology

    • Transpiration: Loss of water vapor from plant leaves and aerial parts.
    • Osmosis: Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration.
    • Turgidity: Condition when plant cells are fully filled with water.
    • Plasmolysis: Contraction of cytoplasm from cell wall due to water loss.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.
    • Chlorophyll: Green pigment involved in capturing light energy for photosynthesis.
    • Light Reaction: Occurs in thylakoids of chloroplasts; involves photophosphorylation.
    • Light-Independent Phase: Takes place in stroma of chloroplasts.

    Adaptations in Plants

    • Stomatal Adaptations: Changes in number or position of stomata to reduce water loss.
    • Photosynthesis Adaptations: Thick cuticles, large surface area, and efficient vascular systems to optimize photosynthesis.

    These concise notes cover key concepts related to biology, evolution, population dynamics, plant physiology, and environmental science, critical for understanding core principles of ICSE class 10 biology.### Glucose Utilization in Plants

    • Glucose is consumed immediately by plant cells for various functions.
    • It can be stored as insoluble starch for later use.
    • Glucose is converted into sucrose for transport within the plant.
    • It is also used in the synthesis of fats and proteins essential for growth.

    Photorespiration

    • Oxygen is utilized during respiration in leaf cells.

    External Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

    • Light intensity significantly impacts the rate of photosynthesis.
    • Carbon dioxide concentration influences the photosynthetic process.
    • Temperature plays a crucial role, with 35°C being the optimum for photosynthesis.
    • Water content in the soil affects the overall photosynthesis efficiency.

    Internal Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

    • The presence of chlorophyll is essential for capturing light energy.
    • Protoplasm and the overall structure of the leaf are important for optimal function.

    Leaf Preparation in Experiments

    • Dipping a leaf in boiling water kills the cells, preparing them for further tests.

    Removal of Chlorophyll

    • Methylated spirits are used to extract chlorophyll from leaves during experiments.

    Starch Testing

    • Iodine solution indicates the presence of starch; a blue-black color signifies its presence, and a brown color indicates absence.

    Plants with Variegated Leaves

    • Examples include Coleus, Geranium, and Croton, which have differently colored leaves.

    Aquatic Plants

    • Common examples of water plants include Hydrilla and Elodea.

    Role of Potassium Hydroxide

    • This chemical absorbs carbon dioxide, impacting the photosynthetic rate.

    Nutrition in Non-Green Plants

    • Non-green plants, such as fungi and bacteria, obtain nourishment from decaying organic matter in their environment.

    Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis

    • The overall reaction can be summarized as:
      • 6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O + 6 O₂

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