Medical Biology 6 Genetics Chapter 11: Frameshift Mutation and Genotype Variability
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in the context of genetics and heredity?

  • To replicate somatic cells
  • To generate haploid gametes for sexual reproduction (correct)
  • To produce diploid cells for growth and repair
  • To repair damaged DNA

    • During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic diversity?

  • Telophase I
  • Prophase I (correct)
  • Anaphase I
  • Metaphase I

    • What is the result of independent assortment during meiosis?

  • Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids
  • Creation of genetically identical cells
  • Reduction of chromosome number by half
  • Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes Mendel's Law of Segregation?

    <p>Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosome are sex-linked traits usually carried on?

    <p>The X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon describes a situation where the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes?

    <p>Complete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is a wild-type allele?

    <p>The allele that is most common in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic disorder is typically caused by the presence of an extra chromosome?

    <p>Aneuploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a filled square typically represent in a pedigree chart?

    <p>A male affected by a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the formation of gametes in animals?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process of introducing foreign DNA into an organism known as?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a reporter gene in genetic engineering?

    <p>To indicate whether the gene of interest has been successfully inserted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genomics, what is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?

    <p>A variation at a single position in the DNA sequence among individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of gene therapy?

    <p>Replacing, editing, or supplementing a faulty gene in an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology?

    <p>Cutting and editing DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in genomics?

    <p>To find genetic variations associated with specific diseases or traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase?

    <p>It synthesizes new strands of DNA during replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that genetic diversity is maintained in sexually reproducing organisms?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a heterozygous individual, the allele that determines the phenotype is called:

    <p>Dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene locus?

    <p>A specific position on a chromosome where a gene is located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily responsible for introducing new genetic variation during sexual reproduction?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is a genotype?

    <p>The genetic makeup of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a particular gene?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular basis of heredity is primarily determined by:

    <p>The sequence of nucleotides in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic linkage refers to:

    <p>The tendency of alleles that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of codominance in genetics is illustrated when:

    <p>The phenotypes of both alleles are expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A karyotype is used to:

    <p>Visualize the number and structure of chromosomes in a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Gametes with missing or extra chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, what does 'heterozygous' mean?

    <p>Having two different alleles for a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of DNA technology and genomics?

    <p>To manipulate DNA for practical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'recombinant DNA' refer to?

    <p>DNA composed of sequences from different sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process increases genetic variation in a population by introducing new alleles?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology allows for the simultaneous analysis of expression of thousands of genes?

    <p>DNA microarray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

    <p>To cut DNA at specific sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is commonly used to amplify specific segments of DNA?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) is:

    <p>A specific location on a chromosome associated with a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA technology?

    <p>To separate DNA fragments based on size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is typically used for sequencing entire genomes?

    <p>Next-generation sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vector in genetic engineering?

    <p>A carrier used to transfer DNA into a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a DNA probe in molecular biology?

    <p>To identify specific DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes?

    <p>Exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a silent mutation in genetics?

    <p>A change in the nucleotide sequence that does not change the amino acid sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can create new alleles in a population?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a frameshift mutation affects a gene?

    <p>It deletes or inserts nucleotides, altering the reading frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an allele in genetics?

    <p>A version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'genomic imprinting' refer to?

    <p>The silencing of certain genes depending on which parent they are inherited from</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a genetic map in genetics involve?

    <p>Studying the patterns of inheritance of several genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Genetic bottleneck' refers to:

    <p>A situation where the size of a population is greatly reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle deal with in population genetics?

    <p>Determining the genetic structure of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genomic imprinting refer to?

    <p>The silencing of certain genes depending on which parent they are inherited from</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a mutation occurs in somatic cells?

    <p>It will not be inherited by the individual's offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance pattern involves genes located on the X chromosome?

    <p>Sex-linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA polymerase in the molecular basis of heredity?

    <p>It catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA strands during DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of independent assortment during meiosis?

    <p>Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is a phenotype?

    <p>The physical expression of a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic diversity?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is an epistatic gene?

    <p>Influences the expression of another gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the observable characteristics of an organism?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic disorder is typically caused by the presence of an extra chromosome?

    <p>Aneuploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a filled square typically represent in a pedigree chart?

    <p>A male affected by a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a wild-type allele in genetics?

    <p>The allele that is most common in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term 'linkage disequilibrium' in genetics referring to?

    <p>The tendency for certain alleles to be inherited together more often than expected by chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromosomal abnormality involves a piece of one chromosome breaking off and attaching to another chromosome?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mendel's law of independent assortment states that:

    <p>Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the formation of gametes in animals?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is a genetic map?

    <p>A representation of the sequence of genes on a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis?

    <p>To visualize and map the location of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of CRISPR-Cas9 technology?

    <p>Cutting and editing DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genomics, what is the typical goal of a genome-wide association study (GWAS)?

    <p>To find genetic variations associated with specific diseases or traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves the transfer of a specific gene from one organism to another?

    <p>Gene cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gene therapy primarily involve?

    <p>Replacing, editing, or supplementing a faulty gene in an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the field of genomics, what is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?

    <p>A variation at a single position in the DNA sequence among individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process introduces mutations into DNA?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the pairing of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>The crossing over of genes during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is a wild-type allele?

    <p>An allele with no observable mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pleiotropy in genetics refer to?

    <p>A single gene influencing multiple phenotypic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ratio of phenotypes is expected in a dihybrid cross according to Mendel's principles?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular basis of heredity primarily determined by?

    <p>The sequence of nucleotides in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene locus?

    <p>A specific position on a chromosome where a gene is located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is a genotype?

    <p>The genetic makeup of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a particular gene?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Gametes with missing or extra chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that genetic diversity is maintained in sexually reproducing organisms?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human ABO blood type system is an example of:

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes?

    <p>Exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is an allele?

    <p>A version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a nondisjunction event during meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a silent mutation in genetics?

    <p>A change in the nucleotide sequence that does not change the amino acid sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can create new alleles in a population?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inheritance pattern involves genes located on the X chromosome?

    <p>Sex-linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genomic imprinting refer to?

    <p>The silencing of certain genes depending on which parent they are inherited from</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an allele in genetics?

    <p>A version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A genetic map is created by:

    <p>Studying the patterns of inheritance of several genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygote is exactly between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a reporter gene in genetic engineering?

    <p>To indicate whether a specific gene has been expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a frameshift mutation affects a gene?

    <p>By deleting or inserting nucleotides, altering the reading frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that increases genetic variation in a population by introducing new alleles?

    <p>Gene flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the purpose of a DNA probe in molecular biology?

    <p>To identify specific DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a karyotype used for in genetics?

    <p>To visualize the complete set of chromosomes in an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'recombinant DNA' refer to in genetic engineering?

    <p>DNA composed of sequences from different sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is typically used for sequencing entire genomes in genetics?

    <p>Next-generation sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Formation of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is a vector?

    <p>A carrier used to transfer DNA into a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA technology?

    <p>To separate DNA fragments based on size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology allows for the simultaneous analysis of expression of thousands of genes?

    <p>DNA microarray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

    <p>To cut DNA at specific sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'heterozygous' mean in the context of genetics?

    <p>Having two different alleles for a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of DNA technology and genomics?

    <p>To manipulate DNA for practical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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