Medical Biology 6 Genetics Chapter 11: Frameshift Mutation and Genotype Variability

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in the context of genetics and heredity?

  • To replicate somatic cells
  • To generate haploid gametes for sexual reproduction (correct)
  • To produce diploid cells for growth and repair
  • To repair damaged DNA

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic diversity?

  • Telophase I
  • Prophase I (correct)
  • Anaphase I
  • Metaphase I

What is the result of independent assortment during meiosis?

  • Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids
  • Creation of genetically identical cells
  • Reduction of chromosome number by half
  • Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes (correct)

Which of the following best describes Mendel's Law of Segregation?

<p>Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chromosome are sex-linked traits usually carried on?

<p>The X chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes a situation where the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes?

<p>Complete dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is a wild-type allele?

<p>The allele that is most common in a population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic disorder is typically caused by the presence of an extra chromosome?

<p>Aneuploidy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a filled square typically represent in a pedigree chart?

<p>A male affected by a trait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to the formation of gametes in animals?

<p>Binary fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process of introducing foreign DNA into an organism known as?

<p>Transformation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a reporter gene in genetic engineering?

<p>To indicate whether the gene of interest has been successfully inserted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genomics, what is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?

<p>A variation at a single position in the DNA sequence among individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gene therapy?

<p>Replacing, editing, or supplementing a faulty gene in an individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology?

<p>Cutting and editing DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in genomics?

<p>To find genetic variations associated with specific diseases or traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

<p>It synthesizes new strands of DNA during replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures that genetic diversity is maintained in sexually reproducing organisms?

<p>Meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a heterozygous individual, the allele that determines the phenotype is called:

<p>Dominant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene locus?

<p>A specific position on a chromosome where a gene is located (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for introducing new genetic variation during sexual reproduction?

<p>Crossing over (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is a genotype?

<p>The genetic makeup of an organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a particular gene?

<p>Homozygous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecular basis of heredity is primarily determined by:

<p>The sequence of nucleotides in DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic linkage refers to:

<p>The tendency of alleles that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of codominance in genetics is illustrated when:

<p>The phenotypes of both alleles are expressed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A karyotype is used to:

<p>Visualize the number and structure of chromosomes in a cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of nondisjunction during meiosis?

<p>Gametes with missing or extra chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetics, what does 'heterozygous' mean?

<p>Having two different alleles for a gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of DNA technology and genomics?

<p>To manipulate DNA for practical purposes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'recombinant DNA' refer to?

<p>DNA composed of sequences from different sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process increases genetic variation in a population by introducing new alleles?

<p>Mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology allows for the simultaneous analysis of expression of thousands of genes?

<p>DNA microarray (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

<p>To cut DNA at specific sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is commonly used to amplify specific segments of DNA?

<p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) is:

<p>A specific location on a chromosome associated with a particular trait (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA technology?

<p>To separate DNA fragments based on size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is typically used for sequencing entire genomes?

<p>Next-generation sequencing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vector in genetic engineering?

<p>A carrier used to transfer DNA into a host cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a DNA probe in molecular biology?

<p>To identify specific DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes?

<p>Exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a silent mutation in genetics?

<p>A change in the nucleotide sequence that does not change the amino acid sequence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process can create new alleles in a population?

<p>Mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a frameshift mutation affects a gene?

<p>It deletes or inserts nucleotides, altering the reading frame (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele in genetics?

<p>A version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genomic imprinting' refer to?

<p>The silencing of certain genes depending on which parent they are inherited from (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a genetic map in genetics involve?

<p>Studying the patterns of inheritance of several genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Genetic bottleneck' refers to:

<p>A situation where the size of a population is greatly reduced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle deal with in population genetics?

<p>Determining the genetic structure of a population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does genomic imprinting refer to?

<p>The silencing of certain genes depending on which parent they are inherited from (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a mutation occurs in somatic cells?

<p>It will not be inherited by the individual's offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance pattern involves genes located on the X chromosome?

<p>Sex-linked (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA polymerase in the molecular basis of heredity?

<p>It catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA strands during DNA replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of independent assortment during meiosis?

<p>Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is a phenotype?

<p>The physical expression of a trait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic diversity?

<p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is an epistatic gene?

<p>Influences the expression of another gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the observable characteristics of an organism?

<p>Phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic disorder is typically caused by the presence of an extra chromosome?

<p>Aneuploidy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a filled square typically represent in a pedigree chart?

<p>A male affected by a trait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a wild-type allele in genetics?

<p>The allele that is most common in a population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term 'linkage disequilibrium' in genetics referring to?

<p>The tendency for certain alleles to be inherited together more often than expected by chance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomal abnormality involves a piece of one chromosome breaking off and attaching to another chromosome?

<p>Translocation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that:

<p>Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to the formation of gametes in animals?

<p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is a genetic map?

<p>A representation of the sequence of genes on a chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis?

<p>To visualize and map the location of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of CRISPR-Cas9 technology?

<p>Cutting and editing DNA sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genomics, what is the typical goal of a genome-wide association study (GWAS)?

<p>To find genetic variations associated with specific diseases or traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves the transfer of a specific gene from one organism to another?

<p>Gene cloning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gene therapy primarily involve?

<p>Replacing, editing, or supplementing a faulty gene in an individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the field of genomics, what is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?

<p>A variation at a single position in the DNA sequence among individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process introduces mutations into DNA?

<p>Crossing over (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the pairing of homologous chromosomes?

<p>The crossing over of genes during meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is a wild-type allele?

<p>An allele with no observable mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pleiotropy in genetics refer to?

<p>A single gene influencing multiple phenotypic traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratio of phenotypes is expected in a dihybrid cross according to Mendel's principles?

<p>9:3:3:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular basis of heredity primarily determined by?

<p>The sequence of nucleotides in DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene locus?

<p>A specific position on a chromosome where a gene is located (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is a genotype?

<p>The genetic makeup of an organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a particular gene?

<p>Homozygous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of nondisjunction during meiosis?

<p>Gametes with missing or extra chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures that genetic diversity is maintained in sexually reproducing organisms?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human ABO blood type system is an example of:

<p>Codominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes?

<p>Exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is an allele?

<p>A version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a nondisjunction event during meiosis?

<p>Production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a silent mutation in genetics?

<p>A change in the nucleotide sequence that does not change the amino acid sequence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process can create new alleles in a population?

<p>Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance pattern involves genes located on the X chromosome?

<p>Sex-linked (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does genomic imprinting refer to?

<p>The silencing of certain genes depending on which parent they are inherited from (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele in genetics?

<p>A version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A genetic map is created by:

<p>Studying the patterns of inheritance of several genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygote is exactly between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes?

<p>Incomplete dominance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a reporter gene in genetic engineering?

<p>To indicate whether a specific gene has been expressed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a frameshift mutation affects a gene?

<p>By deleting or inserting nucleotides, altering the reading frame (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that increases genetic variation in a population by introducing new alleles?

<p>Gene flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is the purpose of a DNA probe in molecular biology?

<p>To identify specific DNA sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype used for in genetics?

<p>To visualize the complete set of chromosomes in an individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'recombinant DNA' refer to in genetic engineering?

<p>DNA composed of sequences from different sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is typically used for sequencing entire genomes in genetics?

<p>Next-generation sequencing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of nondisjunction during meiosis?

<p>Formation of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetic engineering, what is a vector?

<p>A carrier used to transfer DNA into a host cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA technology?

<p>To separate DNA fragments based on size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology allows for the simultaneous analysis of expression of thousands of genes?

<p>DNA microarray (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

<p>To cut DNA at specific sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'heterozygous' mean in the context of genetics?

<p>Having two different alleles for a gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of DNA technology and genomics?

<p>To manipulate DNA for practical purposes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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