Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes negative feedback in homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes negative feedback in homeostasis?
What is the correct order of the levels of organization in the body from simplest to most complex?
What is the correct order of the levels of organization in the body from simplest to most complex?
Which body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Which body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Which of the following movements is described as 'proximal'?
Which of the following movements is described as 'proximal'?
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In which cavity would you find the lungs?
In which cavity would you find the lungs?
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What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
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Which cellular transport mechanism requires ATP?
Which cellular transport mechanism requires ATP?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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What type of membrane transport is characterized by the movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration?
What type of membrane transport is characterized by the movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
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Which cellular junction is specifically designed for cell communication?
Which cellular junction is specifically designed for cell communication?
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What occurs during the telophase of mitosis?
What occurs during the telophase of mitosis?
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What term describes the process where a cell changes from an immature state to a specialized state?
What term describes the process where a cell changes from an immature state to a specialized state?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Life
- Living things exhibit characteristics including homeostasis, reproduction, being made of cells, growth, movement, excretion, and metabolism.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis maintains internal balance within the body.
- Positive feedback mechanisms move a system away from homeostasis, examples include childbirth and blood clotting.
- Negative feedback mechanisms restore a system back to homeostasis, including bone density, pupil size, and temperature regulation.
Metabolism
- Metabolism converts food into energy.
Hierarchy of Organization
- Life's structures are organized in a hierarchical order starting from atoms, molecules to macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
Body Planes
- Frontal plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
- Median plane: Divides the body into left and right halves.
- Transverse plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
Anatomical Terminology
- Superficial: Describes structures located on the surface of the body.
- Deep: Describes structures found beneath the surface.
- Superior: Towards the head or upper part of a structure.
- Inferior: Towards the feet or lower part of a structure.
- Ventral: Toward the front of the body.
- Dorsal: Toward the back of the body.
- Distal: Away from the point of attachment or origin of a structure.
- Proximal: Close to the point of attachment or origin.
- Medial: Toward the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
Body Cavities
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Dorsal cavity: Houses the cranial and vertebral cavities.
- Cranial cavity: Contains the brain.
- Vertebral cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
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Ventral cavity: Houses the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
- Thoracic cavity: Contains the heart and lungs.
- Abdominal cavity: Contains organs like the stomach, intestines, etc.
- Pelvic cavity: Contains organs of the reproductive and urinary systems.
- Other cavities: include oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial cavities.
Body Regions
- Regions are identified using anatomical terms relating to the abdomen and body wall for describing location.
Membranes
- Parietal membranes: Line the body cavities.
- Visceral membranes: Cover organs within the cavities.
Organ Systems
- Each organ system has a specific function.
- Integumentary: Forms a protective barrier.
- Skeletal: Provides structure and facilitates movement.
- Muscular: Enables movement.
- Nervous: Coordinates and controls bodily functions.
- Cardiovascular: Transports materials throughout the body.
- Lymphatic: Maintains homeostasis.
- Respiratory: Facilitates gas exchange.
- Digestive: Processes food for nutrient absorption.
- Urinary: Filters blood and removes waste.
- Endocrine: Regulates hormone levels.
- Reproductive: Enables reproduction.
- Immune: Defends the body against disease.
Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 3)
- Nucleus: Stores genetic information (DNA).
- Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP).
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Involved in protein synthesis and lipid production.
- Lysosomes: Break down cellular waste.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
- Golgi apparatus: Sorts and packages proteins.
Cellular Junctions
- Tight junctions: Seal cells together (e.g., stomach).
- Desmosomes: Provide strong adhesion (e.g., skin).
- Gap junctions: Allow cell-to-cell communication (e.g., heart).
Cell Membrane Transport
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Passive Transport: No energy required
- Simple diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
- Facilitated diffusion: Requires a transport protein.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Filtration: Movement of small molecules across a membrane under pressure.
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Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP)
- Sodium-Potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump): Example of active transport.
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Vesicular Transport: Uses vesicles to move materials across the membrane.
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Endocytosis: Moving substances into the cell.
- Pinocytosis: Taking in fluids.
- Phagocytosis: Taking in solid particles.
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Specific molecules taken in based on receptor binding.
- Exocytosis: Moving substances out of the cell.
- Transcytosis: Moving substances across the cell.
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Endocytosis: Moving substances into the cell.
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Hypertonic solutions: Higher solute concentration than the cell; cause the cell to shrink.
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Hypotonic solutions: Lower solute concentration than the cell; cause the cell to swell.
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Isotonic solutions: Equal solute concentration to the cell; don't affect cell size.
Cell Life Cycle
- Interphase: Period of cell growth and DNA replication. Subdivided into G1, S (synthesis), and G2 phases.
- Mitosis: Cell division process consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Differentiation: Cells mature and specialize, taking on specific roles.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental characteristics of life, including homeostasis, metabolism, and the hierarchy of biological organization. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how living organisms maintain their internal environment and structures.
