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Questions and Answers
What are the characteristics of living things?
What are the characteristics of living things?
Physiology is defined as the study of structures.
Physiology is defined as the study of structures.
False
How many levels of structural organization are there in the human body?
How many levels of structural organization are there in the human body?
6
An organ system is a group of related organs with _______ functions that work together to perform a coordinated function.
An organ system is a group of related organs with _______ functions that work together to perform a coordinated function.
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Match the organ systems with their primary function:
Match the organ systems with their primary function:
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Which system is responsible for transporting blood and nutrients throughout the body?
Which system is responsible for transporting blood and nutrients throughout the body?
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The lymphatic system defends the body from invaders.
The lymphatic system defends the body from invaders.
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The _______ system exchanges gases between the body and the environment.
The _______ system exchanges gases between the body and the environment.
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
What is the main function of the urinary system?
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Positive feedback loops are the most common way the human body responds to changes.
Positive feedback loops are the most common way the human body responds to changes.
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What fluid is referred to as interstitial fluid?
What fluid is referred to as interstitial fluid?
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The _______ is the center that coordinates a response in a feedback loop.
The _______ is the center that coordinates a response in a feedback loop.
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Match the following directional terms with their definitions:
Match the following directional terms with their definitions:
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Which organ is not part of the reproductive system?
Which organ is not part of the reproductive system?
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Homeostasis can be easily restored after prolonged disruption.
Homeostasis can be easily restored after prolonged disruption.
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What does 'anatomical position' refer to?
What does 'anatomical position' refer to?
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The _______ loops enhance the initial change in the body's response.
The _______ loops enhance the initial change in the body's response.
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Which of these describes the 'transverse plane'?
Which of these describes the 'transverse plane'?
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What is the function of body cavities?
What is the function of body cavities?
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The diaphragm divides the dorsal body cavities into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
The diaphragm divides the dorsal body cavities into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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What are the two types of membranes that surround the abdominal cavity?
What are the two types of membranes that surround the abdominal cavity?
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The _______ cavity contains the brain.
The _______ cavity contains the brain.
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Match the following organs with the cavities they are associated with:
Match the following organs with the cavities they are associated with:
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Which cavity contains the urinary bladder and organs of the reproductive system?
Which cavity contains the urinary bladder and organs of the reproductive system?
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Serous membranes open to the exterior of the body.
Serous membranes open to the exterior of the body.
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What term describes the constant maintenance of internal conditions within a range?
What term describes the constant maintenance of internal conditions within a range?
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The _______ divides the abdominopelvic cavity into regions and quadrants.
The _______ divides the abdominopelvic cavity into regions and quadrants.
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What region is located directly below the umbilical region?
What region is located directly below the umbilical region?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Living Things
- Living things are made of matter, including everything around them
- Living things metabolize complex chemical substances
- Living things respond to stimuli
- Living things move
- Living things grow and develop
- Living things reproduce
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy is the study of structures and their relationship to one another.
- Physiology is the study of function.
Levels of Structural Organization
- Human body can be organized into six levels of structural organization
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- System Level
- Organismal Level
Relationship Between Structure and Function
- Structures are specialized for a particular function.
- Functions are limited or enhanced by structure.
Organ Systems
- A group of related organs with independent function that work together to perform a coordinated function.
- Organ systems are interdependent
- There are 11 organ systems in humans:
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous System
- Endocrine system
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic/Immune System
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
Body Fluids
- Organ systems are connected by body fluids
- Extracellular fluid is the fluid outside of cells
- Interstitial fluid is the fluid between tissue cells
- Blood plasma is the fluid component of blood in blood vessels and organs of the cardiovascular system
- Lymph is the fluid inside of lymph vessels
Homeostasis
- Organisms must maintain the volume and composition of body fluids at all times.
- Issues arise when something about the body is dysregulated.
- Too much fluid will lead to high blood pressure
- Not enough fluid will lead to low blood pressure
- The human body must maintain homeostasis, which is the dynamic upkeep of a set of internal conditions within set parameters.
- It depends on:
- A receptor to detect the change
- A control center to coordinate a response
- An effector to carry out the response according to the control center.
- It depends on:
Negative Feedback Loops
- Reverse changes to maintain homeostasis
- Example: An increase in blood pressure:
- Receptor: Baroreceptors in walls of blood vessels
- Control center: Brain --> Nerve impulses
- Effectors: Heart --> Decrease volume of blood leaving the heart (slows reactions) and blood vessels --> dilation to increase flow
- Net response = A decrease in blood pressure
- The most common way the human body responds to changes
Positive Feedback Loops
- Move the body away from its homeostasis
- Enhance the initial change
- Homeostasis can be restored by a negative feedback loop or attenuation
- Example: Childbirth in human females
- Receptor: Nerves in the cervix sense dilation
- Control center: Brain --> Pituitary gland --> Release of oxytocin into circulation
- Effectors: Myometrium of the uterus contracts --> Cervix continues to stretch
- Rare way the body responds to changes
Homeostatic Imbalances
- Prolonged or chronic homeostatic imbalances lead to disorder, disease, and/or death.
- Disorders result from abnormal body function.
- Diseases are disorders with characteristic signs and symptoms linked to specific cause
- Symptoms are changes in body functions that are felt or reported (subjective)
- Signs are changes in body functions that can be measured and observed (objective)
- Feedback loops usually restore homeostasis within a short period of time.
Anatomical, Directional, and Positional Terms
- Necessary to communicate clearly and precisely about the human body
- Example: Is your wrist always "above" your fingers? No! But your wrist is always proximal as compared to your fingers.
Body Position
- The diagram below depicts anatomical position.
- Supine: A person facing up
- Prone: A person facing down
- Sometimes we need to refer to a generalized region of the body rather than a specific anatomical structure.
- Example: Neck = Cervical region
Directional Terms
- Directional terms tell you how structures are related to one another
- The midline is an imaginary line that divides the body into right and left sides
- Medial/Lateral: Nearer to the middle of body / Further away from the middle of body
- Proximal/Distal: Closer to place of attachment / Further away from the place of attachment
- Superior/Inferior: Closer to head of body / Closer to foot
Planes and Sections
- A plane is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body.
- Example: Which plane separates the superior from the inferior part of the body? The transverse plane.
- Sections are cuts along a plane
- It could be through the entire body or through an organ.
- When looking at images or scans, understand in what plane the image transects the body/organ to properly orient yourself.
Body Cavities
- Protect, hold, and support internal structures
Dorsal Body Cavities
- Cranial cavity: Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
- Vertebral canal: Formed by vertebrae and contains the spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavities
- Include the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavities
- The diaphragm is a muscle that divides the ventral cavities into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
- Organs inside of the two ventral cavities are called viscera.
- The viscera are surrounded by serous membranes
- A membrane is a flexible protective layer that surrounds organs
- Serous membranes are thin, slippery, and do not open to the exterior of the body and include:
- Pleura that encase the lungs in the pleural cavity.
- Pericardium that encases the heart in the pericardial cavity
- Peritoneum that encases the abdominal cavity and its organs:
- Visceral peritoneum lines the viscera
- Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity wall, including the inferior surface of the diaphragm
- Fluid bounded by the serous membrane = serous fluid
- Lubricates and protects the viscera
Thoracic Cavity
- Formed by ribs, the intercoastal muscles between the ribs, the sternum, and the thoracic vertebrae
- Pericardial cavity is the fluid-filled space around the heart
- Pleural cavities: Fluid-filled spaces around each of the lungs
- Mediastinium: Space between the lungs
- Contains all the organs except for the lungs.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Two cavities that together extend from diaphragm to groin
- Abdominal cavity:
- Contains organs of the digestive system + accessory glands
- Pelvic cavity:
- Contains the urinary bladder + organs and glands of the reproductive system
- The large intestine is divided between the two cavities.
- Recall: the peritoneum contains the abdominal cavity.
- Can be further subdivided:
- Peritoneal Viscera include:
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Smell intestine
- Most of the large intestine
- Retroperitoneal (posterior portion of the peritoneal cavity) viscera include:
- Kidneys
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
- Ascending and descending colon
- Parts of the abdominal aorta
- Inferior vena cava
Terminology Specific to the Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Midclavicular lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity into three columns
- Subcostal and transtubercular lines divide the cavity into three rows
- Resulting Regions:
- Right and left hypochondriac regions
- Right and left lumbar regions
- Right and left inguinal regions
- Epigastric region
- Umbilical region
- Hypogastric region
- Resulting Regions:
Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
- A simpler way to divide the abdominopelvic cavity
- Formed by a midsagittal and transverse line drawn at the umbilicus (belly button)
- Resulting Quadrants:
- Right upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
- Resulting Quadrants:
Summary
- Anatomy is the study of structure; physiology is the study of function
- The human body can be organized into ascending levels of complexity, from atoms to organism
- There are 11 organ systems, each with a specialized function
- But the organ systems cooperate and are interdependent
- The volume and composition of body fluids must be maintained at all times
- Homeostasis is the constant maintenance of conditions within a particular range
- Mostly maintained through negative feedback loops
- Human anatomy can be described in positional, directional, and regional terms.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential characteristics of living things, including their structural organization and the relationship between anatomy and physiology. It covers the various levels of structural organization and the interdependence of organ systems in the human body. Test your knowledge on these fundamental biological concepts!
