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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
Anatomy is the study of functions of living organisms.
Anatomy is the study of functions of living organisms.
False
What do we call the group of related organs that work together to perform a coordinated function?
What do we call the group of related organs that work together to perform a coordinated function?
organ system
The study of the body's functions is known as ________.
The study of the body's functions is known as ________.
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Match the organ systems with their primary function:
Match the organ systems with their primary function:
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Which organ system is responsible for defending the body from invaders?
Which organ system is responsible for defending the body from invaders?
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All organ systems in the human body are interdependent.
All organ systems in the human body are interdependent.
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Name the primary function of the cardiovascular system.
Name the primary function of the cardiovascular system.
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Which cavity contains the brain?
Which cavity contains the brain?
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The peritoneum is responsible for protecting the lungs.
The peritoneum is responsible for protecting the lungs.
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What is the function of serous fluid?
What is the function of serous fluid?
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
What is the main function of the urinary system?
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The diaphragm separates the ________ thoracic ________ cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
The diaphragm separates the ________ thoracic ________ cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Positive feedback loops are the most common way the human body responds to changes.
Positive feedback loops are the most common way the human body responds to changes.
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Describe the role of baroreceptors in maintaining blood pressure.
Describe the role of baroreceptors in maintaining blood pressure.
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Match the following body cavities with their respective contents:
Match the following body cavities with their respective contents:
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Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?
Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?
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The _________system includes the gonads and is responsible for producing gametes.
The _________system includes the gonads and is responsible for producing gametes.
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The thoracic cavity contains the mediastinum, which is the space outside the lungs.
The thoracic cavity contains the mediastinum, which is the space outside the lungs.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What typically happens when homeostasis is not maintained?
What typically happens when homeostasis is not maintained?
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What structure divides the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?
What structure divides the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?
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Homeostasis is a dynamic process that relies on a receptor, control center, and effector.
Homeostasis is a dynamic process that relies on a receptor, control center, and effector.
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The ________ contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
The ________ contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
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Which of the following can be found in the left upper quadrant?
Which of the following can be found in the left upper quadrant?
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What is the definition of homeostasis?
What is the definition of homeostasis?
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In anatomical position, a person stands _________ with the face facing forward.
In anatomical position, a person stands _________ with the face facing forward.
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Which imaginary plane separates the superior from the inferior part of the body?
Which imaginary plane separates the superior from the inferior part of the body?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Living Things
- Living things metabolize complex chemical substances.
- Living things respond to stimuli.
- Living things grow and develop.
- Living things reproduce.
Study of the Human Body
- Anatomy is the study of structures and their relationships to one another.
- Physiology is the study of function.
- The six levels of structural organization for the human body are:
- Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules.
- Cellular Level: Cells - basic units of life.
- Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells working together.
- Organ Level: Different tissues working together.
- System Level: Related organs with a common function.
- Organismal Level: All organ systems working together.
- Structure and function are integrated. Structures are specialized for specific functions, and functions are limited or enhanced by those structures.
Organ Systems
- An organ system is a group of related organs that work together to perform a coordinated function.
- Organ systems are interdependent.
- The 11 organ systems in humans are:
- Integumentary system: Skin, nails, and hair; functions in protection and covering the body.
- Skeletal system: Bones, joints, and cartilage; functions in support and protection.
- Muscular system: Skeletal muscles; functions in movement and heat production.
- Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs; functions in sensing signals and coordinating electrical responses.
- Endocrine system: Cells and glands that secrete hormones; functions in sensing signals and coordinating chemical responses.
- Cardiovascular system: Heart, blood, and blood vessels; functions in transporting blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body.
- Lymphatic/Immune system: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and red bone marrow; functions in defending the body from invaders.
- Respiratory system: Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, and diaphragm; functions in gas exchange between the body and the environment, and disposes of carbon dioxide waste.
- Digestive system: Liver, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines; Functions in acquiring and extracting nutrients and eliminating wastes.
- Urinary system: Urinary bladder, urethra, kidneys, and ureters; functions in removing wastes and maintaining the pH of the body.
- Reproductive system: Gonads (testes and ovaries), vagina, prostate, penis, uterus; functions in producing gametes, enabling copulation, and, in females, housing and nourishing young.
Maintaining Homeostasis
- Extracellular fluid is the fluid outside of cells.
- Interstitial fluid is the fluid between tissue cells.
- Blood plasma is the fluid component of blood in blood vessels and organs of the cardiovascular system.
- Lymph is the fluid inside of lymph vessels.
- For organisms to survive, they must maintain the volume and composition of body fluids at all times.
- Homeostasis is the dynamic upkeep of a set of internal conditions within set parameters.
- Homeostasis depends on:
- A receptor to detect the change.
- A control center to coordinate a response.
- An effector to carry out the response according to the control center.
- Homeostasis depends on:
Feedback Loops
- Negative feedback loops reverse changes to maintain homeostasis.
- Example: An increase in blood pressure
- Receptor: Baroreceptors in the walls of blood vessels.
- Control center: Brain, which sends nerve impulses.
- Effectors: Heart (decreases blood volume leaving the heart by slowing contractions), blood vessels (dilate to increase flow).
- NET RESPONSE = Decrease in blood pressure.
- Example: An increase in blood pressure
- Positive feedback loops move the body away from homeostasis.
- Positive feedback loops enhance the initial change.
- Homeostasis can be restored by a negative feedback loop or attenuation.
- Example: Childbirth in human females.
- Receptor: Nerves in the cervix that sense dilation.
- Control center: Brain, which signals the pituitary gland, which releases oxytocin into circulation.
- Effectors: Myometrium of the uterus contracts, which further stretches the cervix.
Homeostatic Imbalances
- Prolonged or chronic homeostatic imbalances can lead to disorder, disease, and/or death.
- Disorders result from abnormal body function.
- Diseases are disorders with characteristic signs and symptoms linked to a specific cause.
- Symptoms are changes in body function that are felt or reported (subjective).
- Signs are changes in body function that can be measured and observed (objective).
- Feedback mechanisms usually restore homeostasis within a short period of time.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anatomical terms allow for clear and precise communication about the human body.
- Anatomical position:
- The body is standing erect with the palms forward, feet shoulder-width apart, and thumbs pointing away from the body.
- Supine position: A person lying face up.
- Prone position: A person lying face down.
- Regions:
- Generalized regions of the body
- Neck = Cervical region
- Back of the knee = Popliteal region
- Generalized regions of the body
Directional Terms
- Directional terms describe how structures are related to one another.
- The midline is an imaginary line that divides the body into right and left sides.
- Medial: Nearer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Further away from the midline of the body.
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment to the body.
- Distal: Further away from the point of attachment to the body.
- Superior: Closer to the head of the body.
- Inferior: Closer to the foot.
Planes and Sections
- A plane is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body.
- Example: The transverse plane separates the superior from the inferior part of the body.
- Sections are cuts made along a plane.
- Sections can be through the entire body or through an organ.
- It is important to understand the plane of an image to understand its orientation.
Body Cavities
- Body cavities protect, hold, and support internal structures.
- Dorsal Body Cavities:
- Cranial cavity: Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain.
- Vertebral canal: Formed by vertebrae and contains the spinal cord.
- Ventral Body Cavities:
- Thoracic cavity: Contains the heart and lungs.
- Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.
- The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
- Organs inside of the ventral cavities are called viscera.
- Viscera are surrounded by serous membranes.
- Serous membranes are thin, slippery, and do not open to the exterior of the body.
- Pleura: Encase the lungs in the pleural cavity.
- Pericardium: Encase the heart in the pericardial cavity.
- Peritoneum: Encase the abdominal cavity and its organs.
- Visceral peritoneum: Lines the viscera.
- Parietal peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity wall.
- Serous fluid: Fluid bounded by the serous membrane, lubricates and protects the viscera.
Thoracic Cavity
- Formed by the ribs, intercostal muscles, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
- Pericardial cavity: The fluid-filled space around the heart.
- Pleural cavities: The fluid-filled spaces around each lung.
- Mediastinum: The space between the lungs that contains all organs except for the lungs.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Two cavities that together extend from the diaphragm to the groin.
- Abdominal cavity: Contains organs of the digestive system and accessory glands.
- Pelvic cavity: Contains the urinary bladder and the organs and glands of the reproductive system.
- The large intestine is divided between the two cavities.
- The peritoneum is a serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity.
- Peritoneal viscera:
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Small intestine
- Most of the large intestine
- Retroperitoneal viscera:
- Kidneys
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
- Ascending and descending colon
- Parts of the abdominal aorta
- Inferior vena cava
- Peritoneal viscera:
Terminology Specific to the Abdominopelvic Cavity
- The midclavicular lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity into three columns.
- The subcostal and transtubercular lines divide the cavity into three rows.
- Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
- Right and Left Lumbar Regions
- Right and Left Inguinal Regions
- Epigastric Region
- Umbilical Region
- Hypogastric Region
- Quadrants: A simpler way to divide the abdominopelvic cavity.
- Formed by a midsagittal and transverse line drawn at the umbilicus (belly button).
- Right upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
Summary
- Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function.
- The human body is organized into ascending levels of complexity, from atoms to organism.
- The 11 organ systems cooperate and are interdependent.
- The volume and composition of body fluids must be maintained at all times.
- Homeostasis is the constant maintenance of conditions within a particular range.
- Mostly maintained through negative feedback loops.
- Human anatomy can be described in positional, directional, and regional terms.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental characteristics of living things and their organizational structures in the human body. This quiz covers metabolism, growth, reproduction, and the levels of structural organization. Challenge yourself to understand the integration of structure and function in organ systems.
