Biology Chapters Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of ribosomes?

To synthesize fats

To synthesize carbohydrates

To synthesize proteins (correct)

To synthesize nucleic acids

What is the characteristic of the nucleus in eukaryotes?

It is found in prokaryotes

It is absent in eukaryotes

It houses the cell's genetic material (correct)

It is found outside the cell

What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

To provide extra layer of protection, maintain cell's shape, and prevent dehydration (correct)

To synthesize proteins

To replicate DNA

To provide movement to the cell

What is the primary function of flagella in prokaryotes?

To act as rotary motors to help bacteria move Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of circular chromosome in prokaryotes?

It is a single large loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pili in prokaryotes?

To allow transfer of DNA to other bacteria and involved in bacterial locomotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of protists?

They are neither plants nor animals nor fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sexual reproduction in protists?

Cell fusion and zygote formation Signup and view all the answers

Which field of biology is concerned with the study of genes, genetic variations, and principles of heredity?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the field of biology that deals with the application of the laws of physics to biological occurrences?

Biophysics Signup and view all the answers

Which field of biology involves the study of the behavior and interactions of life forms and marine creatures with the ocean?

Marine Biology Signup and view all the answers

What is the field of biology that studies the molecular structure of biological macromolecules?

Structural Biology Signup and view all the answers

Which field of biology involves the study of the interactions of living organisms with light?

Photobiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the field of biology that deals with the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living beings and their health effects?

Radiobiology Signup and view all the answers

Which field of biology involves the biology of the nervous system?

Neurobiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the field of biology that uses fossils to study life's history?

Paleontology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy and promote good digestive health Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds link monosaccharides together in polysaccharides?

Glycosidic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin?

Amylose is unbranched, while amylopectin is branched Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycogen in the body?

To store energy in the form of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of plant cell walls?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Leptospirosis patients experience a systemic form of the disease?

up to 10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of dietary fibers?

They are resistant to human enzymes and cannot be broken down Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Leptospira interorgan?

Exposure to urine of contaminated water, soil, or food Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteins in the body?

To transport and store other molecules, provide mechanical support, and generate movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of Syphilis?

Treponema pallidum Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of starches?

They are a mixture of amylose and amylopectin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of Gonorrhea in women?

Vaginal and urethral discharge of pus and burning during urination Signup and view all the answers

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

They are not living cells and therefore cannot be targeted by antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural component of a virus that surrounds the nucleocapsid and is used for attachment to host cells?

Envelope Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the viral replication process?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of some viral particles?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their sugar molecules?

DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pyrimidine found in DNA but not in RNA?

Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects the nucleotides in a nucleic acid chain?

Phosphodiester bond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct base pairing rule in DNA?

Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleic acids?

Help regulate blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

Myoglobin is a protein found in high concentrations in which type of tissue?

Muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about myoglobin is TRUE?

Myoglobin acts as a reservoir of oxygen within muscle cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA in a cell?

To carry the genetic blueprint of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Biology

Studies the structure and function of cells

Branches of Biology

Genetics: study of genes, genetic variations, and principles of heredity
Ecology: study of the interaction of living organisms with one another and physical environment
Evolution: study of heritable changes and diversification over multiple generations
Biochemistry: intersection of biology and chemistry, studies various chemical and physicochemical processes
Biophysics: deals with the application of the laws of physics to biological occurrences
Molecular Biology: deals with the structure of proteins and nucleic acids and their functions
Structural Biology: studies the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
Biotechnology: exploitation of biological processes for the production of hormones, antibodies
Immunology: concerned with immunity
Marine Biology: study of the behavior and interactions of life forms and marine creatures with the ocean
Photobiology: study of the interactions of living organisms with light
Radiobiology: study of the action of ionizing radiation on living beings and their health effects
Neurobiology: studies the biology of the nervous system
Paleontology: uses fossils to study life’s history
Forensic Science: application of science to answer questions related to the law

Biology Pioneers

Ribosomes: molecular machines that synthesize proteins

Prokaryotes

Simple, single-celled organism
Lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Nucleoid: central region of the cell
Circular Chromosome: single large loop
Cell Wall: provides extra layer of protection, maintains cell shape, and prevents dehydration
Capsule: outermost layer, sticky, and helps the cell to attach to surfaces
Flagella: whip-like structures, act as rotary motors to help bacteria move
Fimbriae: numerous, hair-like structures, used for attachment to host cells and surfaces
Pili: allow transfer DNA to other bacteria and involved in bacterial locomotion
Size: 0.1 to 5.0 micrometer

Eukaryotes

Packed with a fascinating array of subcellular structures that play important roles in energy balance, metabolism, and gene expression
Nucleus: houses the cell’s genetic material
Organelles: specialized functions that float in the cytosol
Multiple Linear Chromosomes

Kingdom Protista

Protists: simple eukaryotic organisms, neither plants nor animals or fungi
Unicellular in nature but can also be found as a colony of cells
Live in water, damp terrestrial environments, or as parasites
Have cilia or flagella for mobility
Sexual Reproduction: cell fusion and zygote formation

Groups of Kingdom Protista

Chrysophytes: golden algae and diatoms, found in marine and freshwater
Dinoflagellates: photosynthetic and marine, dependent on key pigments in their cells
Euglenoids: live in motionless freshwater, cell wall is absent but has a protein-rich layer called pellicle
Leptospirosis: spread from animals to humans (zoonosis), symptoms include flu-like illness, causes Leptospira interogran, and treatment involves penicillin or doxycycline

Viruses

Type of germ, can make you sick
Antibiotics don’t work on them
Composed of nucleic acid and the genome is surrounded by protein capsid, which is usually subdivided into capsomeres
Have an envelope surrounding the nucleocapsid, and it, with the spikes, are used for attachment to host cells
Helical, icosahedral, and complex symmetry

Viral Replication and Control

Attachment: virus becomes attached to a target epithelial cell
Penetration: cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis
Uncoating: viral contents are released
Biosynthesis: viral RNA enters the nucleus, replicated by the viral RNA polymerase
Assembly: new phage particles are assembled

Polysaccharides

Sugar polymers containing more than 20 or so monosaccharide units
Most abundant carbohydrate in food
Long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
Homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides

Starches

Stored form of sugars in plants
Made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin
Important sources of calories found in foods
Sugar molecules that human intestinal enzyme can break down
Not sweet

Amylose

Starch formed by unbranched chains of glucose monomers
Poorly soluble in water and slowly digestible

Amylopectin

Branched polysaccharide
More soluble in water and more easily digestible than amylose

Dietary Fibers

Carbohydrate that intestinal enzymes cannot break down; non-digestible
Have molecules that are resistant to human enzymes
Critical, slows down the absorption of simple sugar
Helps blood glucose level

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose in humans and vertebrates
Made up of monomers of glucose
Animal equivalent of starch and is a highly branched molecule usually stored in liver and muscle cells
Glycogenolysis: whenever blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken down to release glucose

Cellulose

Most abundant natural biopolymer
Cell wall of plants is mostly made of this; wood and paper are mostly cellulosic in nature

Functions of Carbohydrates in the Body

Provides body with energy
Cells convert carbohydrates into fuels molecule ATP through a process called cellular respiration
Provides stored energy
Promotes good digestive health by reducing constipation and lowering the risk of digestive tract diseases

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids; function as catalysts
Most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes
Transport and store other molecules such as oxygen
Provide mechanical support and immune protection
Generate movement, transmit nerve impulse, and control growth and differentiation
Contain a wide range of functional groups
Can interact with one another and with other biological macromolecules to form complex assemblies
Some are quite rigid, whereas others display limited flexibility

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