Biology: Chapters 4 & 5 Vocab

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following components is NOT a part of a nucleotide?

  • Nitrogenous base
  • 5-carbon sugar
  • Phosphate group
  • Amino acid (correct)

DNA strands run parallel to each other in a double helix.

False (B)

What type of bond connects successive nucleotides in a DNA strand?

phosphodiester bond

During DNA replication, the enzyme __________ is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing strand.

<p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the DNA bases with their complementary base pairs:

<p>Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

<p>DNA to RNA to Protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription is the process of synthesizing protein from an RNA template.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme synthesizes RNA during transcription?

<p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the base __________ instead of thymine.

<p>uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their roles in transcription:

<p>Promoter = Region where RNA polymerase starts transcription Terminator = Region where transcription ends Template strand = DNA strand used to synthesize RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects amino acids in a protein?

<p>Peptide bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Denaturation always results in the complete loss of a protein's function and structure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

<p>tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary structure of a protein refers to its __________ .

<p>amino acid sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the translation sites on a ribosome:

<p>A site = Aminoacyl site where tRNA enters P site = Peptidyl site where peptide bond forms E site = Exit site where tRNA exits</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis results in two daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

<p>unwinds the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ are proteins that promote cell division when activated and can lead to cancer if mutated.

<p>Oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each phase of mitosis with its event:

<p>Prophase = Chromosomes condense Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the equator Anaphase = Sister chromatids separate Telophase = Nuclear envelope reforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is DNA?

A polymer of nucleotides forming a double helix structure.

What is a nucleotide?

A five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What are the four DNA bases?

Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

What are phosphodiester bonds?

Bonds that link successive nucleotides to form a DNA strand.

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What is polarity in DNA?

Refers to the 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl ends of a DNA strand.

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What is DNA base pairing?

A pairs with T; G pairs with C

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What is transcription?

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

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What is the template strand?

A strand of DNA used to synthesize RNA.

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What is RNA polymerase?

Synthesizes RNA in a 5'-to-3' direction.

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What are enhancers, promoters and terminators?

Specific DNA sequences that regulate transcription.

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What are proteins?

linear polymers of amino acids that form three-dimensional structures with specific functions.

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What is translation?

The process of using the sequence of bases in messenger RNA to specify the order of successive amino acids in a newly synthesized protein.

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What are the initiation, elongation and termination?

The three steps of translation.

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What is binary fission?

Cell division in prokaryotic cells

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What are Mitosis and Cytokinesis?

Nuclear division and Cytoplasmic division

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What is DNA polymerase?

Enzyme that Synthesizes DNA

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What is mitosis?

A five-phase process: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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What are cyclins?

Regulate cell division at checkpoints.

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What is the p53 protein?

Prevents cell division in the presence of DNA damage.

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Study Notes

  • Exam #4 set for Thursday, April 3, at 4pm in room 1101 KHS.

Chapter 4 Vocabulary

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • RNA
  • Nucleotide
  • Sugar
  • Base
  • Phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose
  • Purine
  • Pyrimidine
  • Phosphodiester bond
  • Polarity
  • 5' end
  • 3' end
  • Major groove
  • Minor groove
  • Antiparallel
  • Complementary
  • Replication
  • Mutation
  • Transcription
  • Translation
  • Gene expression
  • Gene
  • RNA polymerase
  • Template strand
  • Nontemplate strand
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Key people in the field of DNA study: Franklin, Wilkins, Watson, and Crick.

Chapter 5 Vocabulary

  • Amino group
  • Carboxyl group
  • R group (or side chain)
  • Peptide bond
  • Amino end
  • Carboxyl end
  • Polypeptide
  • Primary structure
  • Secondary structure
  • Tertiary structure
  • Quaternary structure
  • α (alpha) helix
  • β (beta) sheet
  • Denaturation
  • Translation
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Ribosome
  • Aminoacyl (A) site
  • Peptidyl (P) site
  • Exit (E) site
  • Codon
  • Reading frame
  • Anticodon
  • Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
  • Genetic code
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
  • Initiation factor
  • Elongation factor
  • Release factor
  • Gene regulation
  • Posttranslational modification
  • Protein sorting (or targeting)
  • Signal sequence.

Chapter 11 Vocabulary

  • Cell division
  • DNA replication
  • Cell cycle
  • Binary fission
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
  • Chromosome
  • M phase
  • Interphase
  • S phase
  • G1 phase
  • G2 phase
  • G0 phase
  • Replication fork
  • Template strand
  • Daughter strand
  • Semiconservative replication
  • Helicase
  • Single-strand binding protein
  • Topoisomerase
  • DNA polymerase
  • RNA primase
  • Leading strand
  • Lagging strand
  • Okazaki fragment
  • DNA ligase
  • Proofreading
  • Origin of replication
  • Replication bubble
  • Karyotype
  • Homologous chromosomes
  • Haploid
  • Diploid
  • Sister chromatids
  • Centromere
  • Chromosome condensation
  • Prophase
  • Mitotic spindle
  • Prometaphase
  • Kinetochore
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Contractile ring
  • Cyclin
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
  • Checkpoint
  • Oncogene
  • Proto-oncogene
  • Tumor suppressor
  • Cancer

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