Biology Chapter: The Chemistry of Life
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following elements is NOT typically found in organic molecules?

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Sodium (correct)

    • Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

    True (A)

    What type of bond is formed when an electron is transferred from one atom to another?

    Ionic bond

    The outermost electrons of an atom that participate in bond formation are called [BLANK].

    <p>valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of bond with its description.

    <p>Covalent bond = Sharing of electron pairs Ionic bond = Transfer of electrons Polar covalent bond = Unequal sharing of electron pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?

    <p>Enzymes act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breaking a bond releases energy.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a property of cations?

    <p>They are positively charged. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen?

    <p>0.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bond with an electronegativity difference greater than 1.6 is considered a(n) ______ bond.

    <p>ionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bond type with its electronegativity difference range:

    <p>Covalent = &lt; 0.5 Polar covalent = 0.5 - 1.6 Ionic = &gt; 1.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an intermolecular interaction?

    <p>The attraction between two water molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonding is a stronger type of interaction than covalent bonds.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom in a water molecule?

    <p>Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so it attracts the shared electrons more strongly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Biochemistry

    The study of properties and interactions of biologically important molecules.

    Organic Molecules

    Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    Intramolecular Bonds

    Bonds between atoms within the same molecule.

    Covalent Bonds

    Bonds formed by sharing a pair of valence electrons between non-metals.

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    Polar Covalent Bonds

    Bonds where electrons are unequally shared between two atoms.

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    Ionic Bonds

    Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

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    Bond Energy

    The energy required to form or break a chemical bond.

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    Valence Electrons

    Electrons in the outermost orbital involved in chemical bonding.

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    Cations

    Positive ions formed by loss of electrons.

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    Anions

    Negative ions formed by gain of electrons.

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    Electronegativity

    Measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons.

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    Bond Types by Electronegativity Difference

    Determines bond type based on electronegativity difference.

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    Pure Covalent Bonds

    Bonds formed with equal sharing of electrons.

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    Intermolecular Interactions

    Weaker attractions between molecules.

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    Hydrogen Bonding

    Strong attraction between a hydrogen atom and electronegative atom.

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    Study Notes

    The Chemistry of Life

    • Biology is a multidisciplinary science
    • Living organisms follow basic physical and chemical laws
    • The bombardier beetle uses chemistry for defense

    Atoms of Elements in Biology

    • Atoms of various elements play important roles in biological systems
    • A periodic table illustrates these elements and their properties, allowing a user to discern the missing element in a diet

    Biochemistry

    • Biochemistry studies the crucial molecules in biological systems
    • Key molecules include water, fats, proteins (like enzymes), nucleic acids, and carbohydrates (such as sugars, starches, and cellulose)

    Organic Molecules

    • Organic molecules primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    • They can further incorporate nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, and iron

    The Atom

    • Atoms comprise positive protons, neutral neutrons, and negative electrons
    • Electrons in the outermost orbital are valence electrons and involved in forming bonds

    Atoms Combine to Make Molecules

    • Bonds between atoms within the same molecule are intramolecular bonds
    • Three types of intramolecular bonds: covalent, polar covalent, and ionic

    Covalent Bonds

    • Covalent bonds form when atoms share valence electrons
    • Bonds are represented via various diagrams such as electron shell diagrams, structural formulas and space-filling models

    Bond Energy

    • Organic molecules are primarily held together by covalent bonds
    • These bonds contain energy that is crucial in forming and breaking chemical bonds
    • Stronger bonds contain more energy

    Polar Covalent Bonds

    • Polar covalent bonds occur when valence electrons are unequally shared between atoms
    • The atom with a more electronegative nucleus attracts electrons more strongly, resulting in a slight negative charge
    • The other atom has a slight positive charge

    Ionic Bonds

    • Ionic bonds form when an electron moves from a metal to a non-metal atom
    • This results in a positive cation and a negative anion
    • These ions are attracted to each other electrostatically

    Cations and Anions

    • Cations are positive ions with fewer electrons than protons
    • Anions are negative ions with more electrons than protons

    The Role of Electronegativity

    • Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons
    • The difference in electronegativity between two atoms determines the type of bond that forms between them (covalent, polar covalent, or ionic)

    Bond Types and Electronegativity

    • A difference in electronegativity of less than 0.5 indicates a covalent bond
    • A difference of 0.5 to 1.6 indicates a polar covalent bond
    • A difference greater than 1.6 suggests an ionic bond

    Review Properties of Covalent Bonds

    • Pure covalent bonds result from the equal sharing of electrons
    • Polar covalent bonds result from the unequal sharing of electrons

    Bonds in Water

    • Water molecules have polar covalent bonds due to oxygen's higher electronegativity
    • Oxygen has a slightly negative charge, while hydrogen has a slightly positive charge

    Inter-Molecular Interactions

    • Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular bonds
    • Key intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces, influencing molecule properties

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    Chemistry of Life PDF

    Description

    Explore the chemistry that underpins living organisms with this quiz. From the role of atoms to the study of organic molecules and key biomolecules, test your knowledge of biochemistry and the molecular basis of life. Ideal for students delving into the intricate relationships between chemistry and biology.

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