Biology Chapter: Skeletal and Cardiovascular Systems

Atomic Structure and Principles

• Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
• Atoms are very small and composed of even smaller particles.

Molecules

• A molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together.
• Molecules are the smallest units of a pure substance that retain the substance's chemical properties.

Macromolecules

• A macromolecule is a large molecule.
• Macromolecules are essential for biological processes, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
• They are formed by thousands of covalently bonded atoms.

Organelles

• An organelle is a subcellular structure within a cell.
• Organelles perform specific tasks within the cell.

Cells

• A cell is the smallest, basic unit of life.
• Cells are responsible for all life processes.
• Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings.
• Cells can replicate themselves independently.

Tissues

• Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
• Tissues form the building blocks of organs.
• The word "tissue" originates from the French word for "to weave".

Organs

• An organ is a collection of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
• Organs are structurally organized.
• "Organum" in Latin means an instrument or tool.

Organ Systems

• An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a complex function.
• Examples of organ systems include the circulatory system, respiratory system, and digestive system.

Organisms

• An organism is a living thing with an organised structure.
• Organisms can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis.
• Organisms include animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea.

Anatomy

• Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms and the relationship between their parts.
• This includes surface anatomy, radiographic anatomy, and pathological anatomy.
• Surface anatomy studies visible landmarks on the body.
• Radiographic anatomy studies structures visible with X-rays.
• Pathological anatomy studies structural changes associated with diseases.

Physiology

• Physiology is the science of body functions.
• It studies how body parts work.
• Examples of specialized areas of physiology include neurophysiology, endocrinology, and other sub-fields.

Integumentary System

• This system forms the outermost layer of an animal's body.
• It includes skin and its appendages.
• It acts as a physical barrier between the external and internal environments.
• It protects and maintains the body.

Skeletal System

• This system provides the framework for the body.
• It consists of bones and connective tissues.
• It supports and protects the internal organs and tissues.

Muscular System

• This system consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

Nervous System

• This complex system coordinates actions and sensory information in animals.
• It transmits signals to and from different parts of the body.

Cardiovascular System

• Also known as the circulatory system, this system involves the heart and blood vessels.
• It is responsible for pumping blood and transporting substances throughout the body.

Lymphatic System

• This system includes vessels, nodes, and ducts.
• It passes through almost all body tissues.

Respiratory System

• This system consists of organs and structures used for breathing.

Digestive System

• Takes in and breaks down food for energy, growth, and tissue repair.

Urinary System

• This system filters blood, removing waste and excess water.
• This involves organs like the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Reproductive System

• This system includes tissues, glands, and organs involved in offspring production.

Body Cavities

• Body cavities are fluid-filled spaces inside the body.
• They hold and protect internal organs.
• These include thoracic, cranial, ventral (including abdominopelvic), and other cavities.

Membranes

• Parietal membranes line body cavities.
• Visceral membranes cover organs within the cavities.

Test your knowledge on the skeletal and cardiovascular systems with this quiz. Explore the components, functions, and relationships of these vital systems in the human body. Perfect for biology students and enthusiasts alike!