Biology Chapter: Plant and Animal Cells

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are the main structural components of a plant cell wall?

Cellulose, lignin, and collagen

Cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan (correct)

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin

Cellulose, cellulose derivatives, and pectin

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

Synthesizing proteins for the cell

Protecting the cell from environmental damage

Storing nutrients and waste products (correct)

Facilitating photosynthesis

Where does photosynthesis mainly occur in plant cells?

In the cytoplasm

In the nucleus

In ribosomes

In chloroplasts (correct)

What is the primary job of the cell wall in plant cells?

To protect the cell and maintain its shape (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are exclusive to plant cells?

Central vacuole and cell wall (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Process, sort, and ship proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for energy production in the cell?

Mitochondria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key job of lysosomes in animal cells?

Break down waste materials and cellular debris (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes centrioles from other cell structures?

They play a role in cell division. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do cilia and flagella differ in structure and function?

Cilia are shorter and more numerous; flagella are longer and fewer. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vacuoles in plant cells compared to animal cells?

Plant cells typically have one large central vacuole while animal cells have many small vacuoles. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Storing calcium ions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in mitochondria?

Cellular respiration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in cells?

To synthesize proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Presence of a nucleus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is specifically involved in the production of ATP?

Mitochondria (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cell membrane?

To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding prokaryotic cells?

They lack membrane-bound organelles (C) Signup and view all the answers

Organisms such as fungi and plants have which type of cell wall structure?

Chitin or cellulose (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do all cells contain regardless of type?

Genetic material (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest part of an organism that can carry out all life processes?

Cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cell (plasma) membrane?

Controls what goes in and out of the cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell membrane is essential for transport?

Embedded proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature aids in the movement of organelles within animal cells?

Cytoskeleton (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the nucleolus contribute to protein synthesis?

It assembles rRNA that forms ribosomes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) primarily do?

Produces proteins for export (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytoplasm in a cell?

Provides a medium for chemical reactions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to DNA when it condenses?

It forms chromosomes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the phospholipid bilayer?

It has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Theory and Organelles

All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells come from other cells
Organisms can be unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (many cells that organize into tissues, organs, and organ systems).
Cells are the smallest part of an organism that can still perform all functions of life.
Cells are diverse.
Two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells reproduce by binary fission.
Eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis.
Prokaryotic organisms tend to be unicellular.
Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.
Examples of organisms with prokaryotic cells are bacteria.
Examples of organisms with eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
All cells have genetic material (DNA/RNA), cytoplasm, a cell membrane, and ribosomes.
Organelles are specialized structures that work together within the cell to help the cell function. Think of them as "mini organs" within the cell working together to make proteins!
Eukaryotic cells have specialized membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Membrane

Surrounds all cells
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Controls what goes in and out of the cell (material exchange)
Critical for communication and maintaining a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
Consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules:
- Hydrophilic heads (like water): face outwards toward the environment and cytoplasm
- Hydrophobic tails (dislike water): face inwards, away from the environment and cytoplasm.
Contains proteins embedded for transport, and carbs embedded for structure.
Called "fluid mosaic model" because it composed of many parts that move around freely.
Contains cholesterol that helps membrane remain flexible.

Cytoskeleton

Threadlike fibers made of proteins
Usually not pictured in cell diagrams.
Provides cells with shape
Can move organelles around
Provides structural support for animal cells

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance
Mainly composed of water
Holds everything in place within the cell
Provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place within the cell.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA)
When DNA is spread out it is called chromatin
When DNA is condensed it is called chromosomes.
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores that control what goes in and out of the nucleus.
Protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell

Nucleolus

Inside the nucleus
Makes rRNA which makes up ribosomes

Ribosomes

Made of proteins and rRNA
Located on rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm
Make proteins in a process called translation
Ribosomes on Rough ER make proteins to export out of the cell.
Ribosomes floating in cytoplasm make proteins used within the cell.

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Has ribosomes on its surface
Hugs the nucleus
Makes proteins
Packages proteins for secretion and sends them in vesicles to the Golgi.

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

No ribosomes on its surface.
Attached to rough ER.
Makes lipids (membrane)
Stores Ca²⁺.

Golgi Apparatus

Folded membrane
Gets vesicles of protein from the ER
Vesicles are like mini-carts that transport proteins around the cell.
Processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes
Only in animal cells
Break down dead stuff (food, bacteria, etc.) or old parts of cells.
Can do programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Vacuoles

Small and numerous in animal cells
Plant cells has a one large central vacuole.
Storage (water, nutrients, waste, etc.)

Centrioles

Made of microtubules
2 centrioles together = centrosome
Only in animal cells
Appear during cell division
Help in cell division by pulling chromosomes apart.

Cilia and Flagella

Organelles associated with the cytoskeleton
Cilia: shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars (move fluid across cell's surface).
Flagella: longer, fewer (1-3), move entire cell through extracellular fluid (animal and bacteria only)

Mitochondria

Two parts: inner membrane and matrix (fluid part)
Where cellular respiration happens
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
Breaks down chemical energy in food to release usable energy in the form of ATP.

Chloroplasts

Two parts: grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid)
Only in plant cells
Where photosynthesis happens.
Converts light energy from the sun to chemical energy in sugar.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Cell Wall

Only in plant cells, bacteria, and fungi cells
Made of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi) and peptidoglycan (in bacteria).
Protects and maintains shape.

Central Vacuole

Only in plant cells
One massive central structure
Storage center

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the structural components and functions of plant and animal cells. This quiz covers key cell organelles, including the cell wall, central vacuole, and mitochondria, along with their roles in cellular processes. Understand the distinctions between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells through various questions.