Biologi Sel Bab 2: Struktur & Fungsi

Struktur sfera, padat, dan dilingkungi membran yang mengandungi nukleoplasma, kromosom, dan nukleolus. Ia mengawal aktiviti sel.

Bahan cecair dalam nukleus yang mengandungi kromosom dan nukleolus.

Granul kecil, padat, dan berbentuk sfera yang terdiri daripada protein dan asid ribonukleik (RNA). Ia terlibat dalam sintesis protein.

Jalinan endoplasma yang mempunyai ribosom di permukaannya. Ia terlibat dalam penghantaran dan pemprosesan protein.

Jalinan endoplasma yang tidak mempunyai ribosom. Ia terlibat dalam penghasilan dan pemprosesan lemak dan steroid.

Struktur dalam nukleus yang mengandungi asid deoksiribonukleik (DNA). Ia menentukan ciri-ciri sel dan fungsi metabolisme.

Proses menghasilkan protein dalam sel, di mana ribosom memainkan peranan penting.

Sistem pengangkutan dalam sel, yang menghubungkan organel-organel sel bagi memastikan komunikasi dan pergerakan bahan.

Pigmen yang terdapat dalam grana yang memberikan warna hijau kepada tumbuhan.

Menyerap cahaya matahari dan menukarkannya kepada tenaga kimia semasa fotosintesis.

Medium seperti jeli yang mengandungi komponen sel yang terampai.

Mengandungi sebatian organik (protein, lipid, karbohidrat) dan sebatian tak organik (ion kalium).

Lapisan luar yang kuat dan tegar, diperbuat daripada gentian selulosa.

Mengekalkan bentuk sel tumbuhan dan memberi sokongan mekanikal kepada sel tumbuhan.

Kedua-dua sel terdiri daripada nukleus, sitoplasma, membran plasma, jasad Golgi, mitokondria, jalinan endoplasma dan ribosom.

Membran nipis dan telap sepenuhnya untuk laluan bahan dalam dan keluar sel.

Sel tumbuhan mempunyai bentuk yang tetap kerana dinding selnya yang keras.

Sel haiwan tidak mempunyai bentuk yang tetap, jadi ia boleh berubah bentuk.

Dinding sel adalah lapisan luar yang keras yang melindungi sel tumbuhan dan memberikan sokongan struktur.

Kloroplas adalah organel yang mengandungi klorofil, pigmen hijau yang digunakan untuk fotosintesis.

Vakuol adalah ruang besar yang diisi dengan cecair dalam sel tumbuhan yang membantu menyimpan air dan nutrien.

Vakuol mengecut membantu amoeba untuk mengeluarkan air berlebihan dari sel untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan air.

Pseudopodium adalah penonjolan sitoplasma sementara yang digunakan oleh amoeba untuk bergerak dan memakan makanan.

Alur mulut adalah celah di dalam badan paramecium yang berfungsi sebagai mulut untuk mengambil makanan.

Sel yang tersusun dalam bentuk gentian, multinukleus dan berjalur. Ia mengecut dan mengendur untuk menghasilkan pergerakan.

Mengecut dan mengendur untuk menghasilkan pergerakan.

Sel otot tersusun dalam bentuk gentian, multinukleus dan berjalur.

Sel yang memiliki bentuk dan struktur yang unik untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu dalam organisma.

Setiap jenis sel khusus untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu sahaja dalam organisma.

Sel dalam organisma multisel berbeza dari segi saiz, bentuk dan susunan.

Struktur sel berhubung rapat dengan fungsinya.

Terdapat banyak sel khusus dalam manusia dan tumbuhan dengan fungsi masing-masing.

Sistem yang terdiri daripada kelenjar yang menghasilkan hormon untuk mengawal aktiviti badan, seperti pertumbuhan dan metabolisme.

Mengkoordinasikan aktiviti badan bersama-sama dengan sistem saraf.

Sistem yang bertanggungjawab untuk pertukaran gas seperti oksigen dan karbon dioksida antara badan dengan persekitaran luar.

Pertukaran gas oksigen dan gas karbon dioksida antara badan dengan persekitaran luar.

Sistem yang terdiri daripada otot rangka, otot halus dan otot jantung.

Mengecut dan mengendur untuk menghasilkan pergerakan bahagian badan yang berlainan.

Sistem yang terdiri daripada kulit.

Melindungi badan daripada kecederaan fizikal, jangkitan dan penyahhidratan.

Sekumpulan sel yang serupa dan tersusun bersama-sama untuk melaksanakan fungsi khusus.

Gabungan beberapa tisu berlainan yang bekerja bersama secara bersepadu untuk melakukan fungsi khusus.

Sekumpulan organ yang berlainan bekerja bersama untuk menjalankan fungsi yang lebih kompleks untuk kelangsungan hidup organisma.

Melapisi ruang di dalam jantung.

Mengepam darah ke seluruh badan.

Contohnya darah, menghubungkan antara sistem-sistem organ.

Mengawal atur ritma denyutan jantung.

Tisu adalah unit asas kehidupan yang terdiri daripada sel

A rigid layer found outside the cell membrane of plant cells, providing structural support and protection.

Organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, the green pigment responsible for photosynthesis.

A single-celled organism that moves using temporary extensions of its cytoplasm called pseudopodia.

A single-celled organism that moves using hair-like structures called cilia.

A specialized vacuole in Amoeba and Paramecium that helps regulate water balance by expelling excess water.

A funnel-shaped opening in Paramecium that serves as its mouth, directing food into the cell.

Short, hair-like projections found on the surface of some cells, used for movement and creating currents.

Rod-shaped or spherical organelles with a double membrane structure. The inner membrane is folded to increase surface area for respiration enzymes. Contains enzymes for cellular respiration and generates energy through glucose oxidation, producing ATP used by the cell.

Small cylindrical structures found in pairs within animal cells. Made up of complex microtubule arrangements, they are absent in plant cells. During cell division, they form spindle fibers.

Consists of stacked, flattened sacs enclosed by single membranes. New membranes are added at one end, and vesicles detach from the other end.

Modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids synthesized in the cell.

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. This occurs within mitochondria.

Adenosine Triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell. Produced during cellular respiration and used for all cellular processes requiring energy, including movement, synthesis, and transport.

Microtubule structures formed by centrioles during cell division. They attach to chromosomes and help separate them during mitosis.

The process by which an animal cell replicates itself. Centrioles play a key role in forming spindle fibers, which help separate chromosomes.

A type of cell specialized for contraction and relaxation, which generates movement. They are arranged in multinucleated striated fibers.

Cells with unique structures and functions in multicellular organisms.

Each type of specialized cell is adapted to carry out a specific function within a multicellular organism.

The structure of a cell is closely related to its function.

Organisms composed of many cells, with different types of cells specialized for specific functions.

There are various types of cells in multicellular organisms that differ in size, shape, and arrangement.

The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.

Cells are adapted to carry out specific functions based on their environment and the needs of the organism.

A type of tissue that forms a protective covering on surfaces of the body, both inside and out.

Tissue specialized for contraction, enabling movement in the body.

Tissue responsible for transmitting information throughout the body, coordinating functions.

Tissue that supports, connects, and binds other tissues in the body.

It protects the body from infections, injuries, chemicals, and dehydration.

Hair-like projections found on some epithelial cells, particularly in the trachea, that help move substances.

They help move mucus and trapped particles up and out of the airways.

Epithelial tissue structure is adapted to carry out its specific function, be it protection, absorption, secretion, or filtration.

A type of plant vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.

A type of plant vascular tissue that transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Different types of cells have varying concentrations of specific cell components, reflecting their unique functions within a multicellular organism.

Sperm cells require a high density of mitochondria to produce energy for their journey to fertilize the egg.

The presence of lignin in xylem tissue provides structural support and mechanical strength to plants.

The density of a particular organelle within a cell is directly related to the specific function that cell performs.

The lignin in xylem tissue provides mechanical strength and support for the plant, enabling it to grow tall and stand upright.

Phloem tissue transports sugars, produced during photosynthesis in leaves, to all parts of the plant for growth and energy.

A cell organelle responsible for intracellular digestion of food, worn-out organelles, old or damaged cells, and microorganisms.

The absence or malfunction of lysosomes prevents the breakdown of waste materials within the cell, leading to the accumulation of debris and potential cell dysfunction.

The lack of chloroplasts in plant cells results in an inability to perform photosynthesis, making it impossible for the plant to produce its own food and survive.

The process of breaking down food and waste materials within the cell, primarily carried out by lysosomes.

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy, mainly glucose, in plants and algae using chloroplasts.

The synthesis of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, by living cells.

The process by which photosynthetic organisms release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.