Questions and Answers
Fibrous roots grow straight down into the soil.
False
Woody stems persist and grow in thickness over time.
True
Adventitious roots can grow from both stem and leaf.
True
A simple fruit develops from multiple ovaries within a single flower.
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Roots can perform photosynthesis because they contain chlorophyll.
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The mesocarp is the outer layer of a fruit.
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Study Notes
Roots
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Functions:
- Absorption of water and minerals from soil
- Anchorage of plant in soil
- Storage of food
-
Types:
- Taproot: main root that grows straight down (e.g., carrots)
- Fibrous root: many small roots that spread out (e.g., grasses)
- Adventitious root: root that grows from a stem or leaf (e.g., ivy)
-
Characteristics:
- No chlorophyll, so cannot perform photosynthesis
- May have root hairs to increase surface area for absorption
Stems
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Functions:
- Support for leaves, flowers, and fruits
- Transportation of water, minerals, and sugars between roots and leaves
- Storage of food
-
Types:
- Herbaceous stem: non-woody, dies back to ground level at end of growing season (e.g., tomato plants)
- Woody stem: persistent, grows in thickness over time (e.g., tree trunks)
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Characteristics:
- May have nodes (points where leaves attach) and internodes (sections between nodes)
- May have buds, which can grow into new shoots or flowers
Fruits
-
Functions:
- Protection and dispersal of seeds
- Attraction of animals to facilitate seed dispersal
-
Types:
- Simple fruit: developed from a single ovary in a flower (e.g., banana)
- Aggregate fruit: developed from multiple ovaries in a single flower (e.g., raspberry)
- Composite fruit: developed from multiple flowers in a single inflorescence (e.g., pineapple)
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Characteristics:
- Fleshy or dry, depending on type
- May have a seed coat, pericarp (outer layer), and mesocarp (middle layer)
Roots
- Absorb water and minerals from soil
- Anchor the plant in soil
- Store food
- Taproot grows straight down (e.g., carrots)
- Fibrous root has many small roots that spread out (e.g., grasses)
- Adventitious root grows from a stem or leaf (e.g., ivy)
- Lack chlorophyll, so cannot perform photosynthesis
- May have root hairs to increase surface area for absorption
Stems
- Support leaves, flowers, and fruits
- Transport water, minerals, and sugars between roots and leaves
- Store food
- Herbaceous stem is non-woody, dies back to ground level at end of growing season (e.g., tomato plants)
- Woody stem is persistent, grows in thickness over time (e.g., tree trunks)
- Have nodes (points where leaves attach) and internodes (sections between nodes)
- May have buds, which can grow into new shoots or flowers
Fruits
- Protect and disperse seeds
- Attract animals to facilitate seed dispersal
- Simple fruit develops from a single ovary in a flower (e.g., banana)
- Aggregate fruit develops from multiple ovaries in a single flower (e.g., raspberry)
- Composite fruit develops from multiple flowers in a single inflorescence (e.g., pineapple)
- Fleshy or dry, depending on type
- May have a seed coat, pericarp (outer layer), and mesocarp (middle layer)
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Description
Explore the functions, types, and characteristics of plant roots and stems. Learn about absorption, anchorage, storage, and more!
