Biology Chapter on Macromolecules
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main functions of carbohydrates?

  • Genetic material and enzyme functionality
  • Energy supply and structural support (correct)
  • Energy storage and communication
  • Hormonal regulation and energy creation

What process is responsible for forming polymers from monomers?

  • Photosynthesis
  • Polymerization (correct)
  • Cellular respiration
  • Hydrolysis

Which complex carbohydrate do animals use to store extra sugar?

  • Cellulose
  • Maltose
  • Glycogen (correct)
  • Lactose

What complex carbohydrate is primarily involved in giving strength and rigidity to plants?

<p>Cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is formed when sugars join together in long chains?

<p>Starches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glycogen play in the body when blood glucose levels are low?

<p>It breaks down into glucose to enter the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecules generally do not dissolve in water and are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms?

<p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for human muscles derived from carbohydrates?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrient is primarily used as an energy source in living organisms?

<p>Carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is classified as a disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists categorize macromolecules found in living organisms?

<p>Based on their chemical makeup (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule functions primarily in energy storage in plants?

<p>Starch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for single sugar molecules?

<p>Monosaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of hydrogen atoms and carbon or oxygen atoms in carbohydrates?

<p>There are usually twice as many hydrogen atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule group is primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen and includes fats and oils?

<p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a type of carbohydrate?

<p>Amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two functional groups are present in amino acids?

<p>Amino group and carboxyl group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do some proteins play in cellular processes?

<p>They act as catalysts to control the rate of reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the R-group in an amino acid structure represent?

<p>The side chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are amino acids linked together to form proteins?

<p>Through peptide bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property can differ among the side chains (R-groups) of amino acids?

<p>Polarity of the side chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the twenty different amino acids found in nature?

<p>They can be combined in various sequences to form proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about proteins?

<p>Proteins can perform multiple functions within a cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT typically found in proteins?

<p>Phosphorus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines a protein's primary structure?

<p>The sequence of its amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the secondary structure of proteins?

<p>The folding of the polypeptide chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do hydrogen bonds play in proteins?

<p>They maintain the protein's shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fourth level of protein structure concerned with?

<p>The arrangement of multiple chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of proteins in living organisms?

<p>To control cell processes and reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of hemoglobin binds oxygen?

<p>The heme groups near the center of each chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>There are no carbon-carbon double bonds in saturated fatty acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule groups do fats, oils, and waxes belong to?

<p>Lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a nucleotide?

<p>A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of protein structure is represented by the three-dimensional arrangement of a protein chain?

<p>Tertiary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about nucleic acids is correct?

<p>Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lipids play in biological systems?

<p>They are used for storing energy and forming membranes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lipids is likely to be liquid at room temperature?

<p>Olive oil, which is high in unsaturated fats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in biological systems?

<p>Storing and transferring energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is found in ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

<p>Ribose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acid contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus?

<p>Nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Macromolecule

A very large molecule made up of thousands of smaller units called monomers.

Monomer

A small molecule that can be combined with other monomers to form a larger polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule formed by joining many smaller monomers together.

Carbohydrate

A compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a primary energy source for living organisms.

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Simple Sugars

Single sugar molecules, also known as monosaccharides.

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Disaccharide

A sugar molecule made up of two simple sugars.

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Starch

A complex carbohydrate used by many living things to store extra sugar.

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Lipid

A macromolecule primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, including fats, oils, and waxes.

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What are carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are essential for providing energy and structural support in living organisms.

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Polymerization

Polymerization is the process of joining monomers together to form polymers.

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Complex Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates are large molecules formed when simple sugars (monosaccharides) join together.

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Glycogen

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate used by animals to store excess sugar in their bodies.

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Cellulose

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support for plants.

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Nucleic Acids Function

Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

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Nucleic Acid Root Word

The word 'nucle-' refers to the nucleus of a cell.

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Protein Function

Proteins are macromolecules with various roles, including controlling cell processes, forming cell structures, transporting substances, and fighting disease.

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Amino Acid Components

Amino acids consist of an amino group (–NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end.

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Peptide Bond

A covalent bond that links amino acids together to form polypeptides.

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Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

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Protein Structure

A protein molecule is made up of one or more polypeptides.

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Amino Acid Side Chain

Each amino acid has a unique side chain (R-group) that gives it different properties, such as acidity, polarity, and size.

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Saturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid where all carbon atoms are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, with only single bonds between carbons. These are usually solid at room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. This means it has fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid. Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature.

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Nucleic Acid

A large biomolecule that stores and transmits genetic information. It is made up of smaller units called nucleotides.

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Nucleotide

The building block of nucleic acids. It is made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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What are the functions of lipids?

Lipids store energy, form cell membranes, and provide waterproof coverings.

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What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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What are the two types of nucleic acids?

The two types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

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Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determined by the genetic code.

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Secondary Structure

The local folding of the polypeptide chain into alpha-helices or beta-sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

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Tertiary Structure

The three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.

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Quaternary Structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein complex.

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Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen throughout the body, consisting of four polypeptide chains and heme groups.

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Heme Group

An iron-containing molecule in hemoglobin that binds oxygen.

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Study Notes

Macromolecules

  • Macromolecules are large molecules found in living cells
  • They are made from smaller units called monomers
  • Monomers join together to form polymers
  • Polymers can be the same or different monomers
  • Four major groups of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • Living things use carbohydrates for energy
  • Sugars are carbohydrates
  • Glucose supplies energy for cell activities
  • Simple sugars are also called monosaccharides
  • Examples of simple sugars include glucose, galactose, and fructose
  • Extra sugar is stored as starch in living things like plants
  • Some carbohydrates provide structure (e.g., cellulose in plants)
  • Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support

Lipids

  • Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes
  • Lipids are mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • Lipids do not dissolve in water
  • Some store energy
  • Some form biological membranes
  • Some produce waterproof coverings
  • Lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
  • They are polymers made of nucleotides
  • Nucleotides have three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
  • Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information
  • Examples are RNA and DNA

Proteins

  • Proteins contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • They are polymers of amino acids
  • Amino acids have an amino group and a carboxyl group bonded to a central carbon
  • Peptide bonds link amino acids to form polypeptide chains
  • Proteins have four levels of structure
  • Proteins control processes, form parts of cells, transport substances, and fight disease

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Macromolecules - Biology Foundations - Textbook

Description

This quiz covers macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Learn about their structures, functions, and significance in living organisms. Test your knowledge on monomers and polymers along with examples of each group.

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