Biology Chapter on Living Organisms and Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is a distinguishing feature of leaves from monocotyledons?

  • Reticulated leaf veins
  • Narrow and grass-like leaves (correct)
  • Web-like leaf structures
  • Broad leaf shapes

Viruses are considered living things because they can carry out life processes independently.

False (B)

What are the two types of genetic material that can be found inside a virus?

RNA or DNA

What is the process by which an organism detects stimuli and makes appropriate responses?

<p>Sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leaves from dicotyledons have __________ leaf veins.

<p>reticulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics to their types of plant:

<p>Monocotyledons = Parallel leaf veins Dicotyledons = Broad and varied leaf shapes Viruses = Non-living entities Both monocots and dicots = Flowering plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth in organisms solely refers to an increase in mass without any change in cell number.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of respiration in living organisms?

<p>To release energy for metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Living organisms must remove _________ products of metabolism from their bodies.

<p>waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of living organisms?

<p>Digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each characteristic of living organisms to its description:

<p>Movement = Changing position or place Excretion = Removal of waste Growth = Increase in size or mass Nutrition = Taking in materials for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is the primary method of nutrition in animals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the mnemonic used to remember the characteristics of living organisms.

<p>MRS.GREN</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of classification systems in biology?

<p>To identify evolutionary relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classification based on physical features is always accurate for determining evolutionary relationships.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common traits do all mammals share according to classification systems?

<p>Bodies covered in hair, feeding young from mammary glands, and external ears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classification systems originally used _________ to categorize organisms.

<p>morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of classification systems do simple dichotomous keys help with?

<p>Identifying species based on features (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics to their associated classification group:

<p>Mammals = Bodies covered in hair Birds = Feathers and beaks Reptiles = Scales and cold-blooded Amphibians = Life cycle including water stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using DNA to classify organisms provides a complete understanding of their evolutionary relationships.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using physical characteristics has many ___________ that can lead to incorrect classifications.

<p>limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true for all animals?

<p>They are unicellular. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants feed exclusively by photosynthesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the five classes of vertebrates.

<p>Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cells in plants contain ______ and cellulose cell walls.

<p>chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Vertebrates = Organisms with a backbone Multicellular = Organisms made up of multiple cells Nucleus = Control center of the cell Chloroplasts = Sites of photosynthesis in plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group does NOT include multicellular organisms?

<p>Prokaryotes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fungi feed through photosynthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes vertebrates from invertebrates?

<p>The presence of a backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment in plants is responsible for absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All flowering plants reproduce by spores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of plant that is categorized as a dicotyledon.

<p>Sunflower</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferns reproduce by _____ produced on the underside of their fronds.

<p>spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of plants with their characteristics:

<p>Monocotyledons = Seeds produced inside the ovary of a flower Dicotyledons = Flowers with petals in multiples of 4 or 5 Ferns = Reproduce by spores Wheat = Example of a monocotyledon</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

<p>By flower petal arrangement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All parts of plants in the plant kingdom are green due to chlorophyll.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leaves do ferns have?

<p>Fronds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology has advanced our ability to classify organisms scientifically?

<p>Microscopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Studies show that the more similar the DNA base sequences of two species, the more distantly related they are.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA sequencing allow us to determine about different species?

<p>How closely related different species are</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first division of living things in the classification system is into five _______.

<p>kingdoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their classification based on DNA sequence similarity:

<p>Brachinus armiger = More distantly related to other species Brachinus hirsutus = More distantly related to other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which base sequence difference is noted between Brachinus armiger and Brachinus hirsutus?

<p>Brachinus armiger has T and Brachinus hirsutus has A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Similarities in amino acid sequences among proteins can also indicate how closely related organisms are.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does relatedness among mammals compare to other vertebrate groups based on DNA?

<p>Mammals' DNA is more closely related to each other than to any other vertebrate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Movement (in living things)

An action that causes a change in position or place by an organism or its parts.

Respiration

Chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in cells to release energy for metabolism.

Sensitivity

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.

Growth (in living things)

Permanent increase in size and dry mass by adding cells or cell size.

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Reproduction

The processes that create more of the same type of organism.

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Excretion

Removal of toxic materials, metabolic waste, and excess substances from the body.

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Nutrition (in living things)

Taking in materials for energy, growth, and development.

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MRS.GREN

Mnemonic to remember the characteristics of living things: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.

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Animal Cell

A cell that makes up an animal. It has a nucleus but lacks cell walls and chloroplasts.

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Plant Cell

A cell that makes up a plant. It has a nucleus, chloroplasts, and a cell wall made of cellulose.

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What do animals feed on?

Animals feed on organic substances made by other living things.

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What do plants feed on?

Plants feed by photosynthesis, using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

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Vertebrate

An animal that has a backbone or spinal column.

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Classes of Vertebrates

There are five main classes of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

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Multicellular

Made up of many cells.

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Nucleus

The control center of a cell, containing genetic material.

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Dichotomous Key

A tool used to identify organisms based on a series of choices with two options each.

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Classification Systems

Methods used to group organisms based on shared characteristics, reflecting their evolutionary history.

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Traditional Classification

Grouping organisms based on their physical features, such as shape, color, and size.

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Limitations of Traditional Classification

Physical features can be misleading, leading to incorrect classifications due to adaptive similarities or convergent evolution.

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DNA-based Classification

Using genetic similarities to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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Common Ancestor

The organism from which all organisms in a specific group share a common lineage.

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Morphology

The study of the form and structure of an organism's body.

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Convergent Evolution

When unrelated organisms develop similar features due to adapting to similar environments.

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Monocot Leaf Veins

Veins in monocotyledon leaves run parallel to each other.

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Dicot Leaf Veins

Veins in dicotyledon leaves form a network or web-like pattern.

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Monocot Leaf Shape

Monocotyledon leaves tend to be narrow and grass-like.

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Dicot Leaf Shape

Dicotyledon leaves are typically broader and come in a wider variety of shapes.

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Why aren't viruses considered living?

Viruses do not carry out all seven life processes independently. They rely on host cells to reproduce and perform other functions.

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Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in plants that absorbs sunlight energy for photosynthesis.

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Fern Reproduction

Ferns reproduce through spores produced on the underside of their fronds.

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Flowering Plant Reproduction

Flowering plants reproduce sexually, creating seeds inside the ovary at the base of the flower.

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Monocotyledon

A type of flowering plant with one cotyledon, characterized by flower petals in multiples of 3.

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Dicotyledon

A type of flowering plant with two cotyledons, characterized by flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5.

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Flower Petal Multiples

Monocotyledons have flower petals in multiples of 3, while dicotyledons have flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5.

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What makes a plant green?

The presence of chlorophyll, a green pigment, gives plants their green color and allows them to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

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How do ferns reproduce?

Ferns reproduce through spores found on the underside of their fronds.

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DNA Sequencing

The process of determining the order of nucleotide bases (A, T, C, G) in a DNA molecule. It helps scientists understand the genetic makeup of organisms.

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Relationship between Species

Closely related species share more similar DNA sequences, indicating a recent common ancestor. The more differences, the more distant the evolutionary relationship.

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How does DNA sequence relate to species closeness?

The more similar the DNA base sequences between two species, the more closely they are related. This is because these sequences code for proteins.

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Amino Acid Sequences and Species Relatedness

Similarities in amino acid sequences in proteins can also be used to determine how closely related organisms are, since the sequences are ultimately coded by DNA.

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What are the Five Kingdoms?

The first major division in the classification system groups living things into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

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What is classification?

The process of arranging organisms into groups based on shared characteristics. It helps scientists understand the relationships between different species.

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Traditional vs. Modern Classification

Traditional classification focused on external features (wings, legs) and anatomy, while modern classification uses scientific methods like DNA sequencing.

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How does DNA sequencing help in classification?

DNA sequencing provides a more objective and accurate way to classify organisms by comparing their genetic makeup. It reveals evolutionary relationships.

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Study Notes

Characteristics of Living Organisms

  • Movement: An action causing a change in position or place.
  • Respiration: Chemical reactions breaking down nutrients, releasing energy.
  • Sensitivity: Ability to detect or sense stimuli and respond.
  • Growth: Permanent increase in size and mass.
  • Reproduction: Processes that make more organisms of the same kind.
  • Excretion: Removing waste products and excess materials.
  • Nutrition: Taking in and using materials for energy, growth, and development.

Examiner Tips and Tricks

  • Use the mnemonic MRS GREN to remember the life processes.

Concept & Uses of Classification Systems

  • A species is a group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring.
  • Linnaeus developed a system classifying organisms into smaller and more specialized groups.
  • The binomial system uses Latin names, with the genus (capital) and species (lowercase).
  • The structure of the classification is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Linnaeus's System of Classification

  • The system sorts organisms by shared characteristics, from general to specific.
  • The system illustrated is Kingdom → Animalia, Phylum → Chordata, Class → Mammalia, Order → Primates, Family → Hominidae, Genus → Homo, Species → Homo sapiens.

Dichotomous Keys

  • Dichotomous keys are used to identify organisms.

  • They give two choices at a time, leading to the organism's name.

  • One should choose the appropriate step in each question.

  • The process is repeated until the organism is identified.

  • Use the mnemonic KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GRAN'S SPAGHETTI to remember the order.

The Five Kingdoms

  • The main divisions of living organisms.
  • Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, Prokaryotes.

Main features of all animals:

  • Multicellular.
  • Contain nuclei, without cell walls or chloroplasts.
  • Feed on organic substances from other living things.

Main features of all plants:

  • Multicellular.
  • Contain nuclei, chloroplasts, and have cell walls made of cellulose.
  • Feed by photosynthesis.

Main features of all fungi

  • Usually multicellular.
  • Have nuclei and cell walls that do not consist of cellulose.
  • Do not photosynthesize. Instead, they feed on dead or decaying matter or live organisms.

Main features of all protoctists:

  • Mostly unicellular but some are multicellular.
  • Contain nuclei; some have cell walls or chloroplasts.
  • Some photosynthesise; some feed on other living things.

Main features of all prokaryotes

  • Often unicellular.
  • Contain cell walls and cytoplasm but no nuclei or mitochondria.

The Plant Kingdom

  • Plants use photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy.
  • Plants have leaves, stems, and roots.
  • Plants can be divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

Viruses

  • Viruses are not considered living things.
  • They do not carry out life processes independently but take over a host's metabolic pathways.
  • A virus is simply genetic material inside a protein coat.

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Cambridge CIE IGCSE Biology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in biology, including the characteristics and classifications of living organisms, the features of monocotyledons and dicotyledons, as well as the processes of respiration and growth. This quiz will cover important terms and definitions that are essential for a comprehensive understanding of biology in this chapter.

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