خصائص النباتات العامة

General Characteristics of Plants

• Living organisms, both plants and animals, perform similar functions.
• Structure: Plants and animals differ greatly, yet they share a fundamental unit: the cell. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit for all living things.
• Nutrition: Plants absorb nutrients and create their own food through photosynthesis; animals consume and digest food.
• Metabolism: The process of transforming food into living tissue.
• Growth: An increase in size, weight, and dimensions due to the addition and incorporation of new organic material.
• Sensitivity: The ability to perceive and respond to external stimuli. Plants react to stimuli, too; for example, some algae will turn towards light sources, and sunflowers follow the sun throughout the day.
• Movement: Plants have limited movement compared to animals. Roots anchor plants, while parts like leaves and stomata can change position.
• Respiration: Plants take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, producing energy for their functions.

Differences Between Plants and Animals

• Nutrition: Plants are autotrophic (make their own food), while animals are heterotrophic (consume other organisms).
• Reproduction: Plants use seeds and asexual methods; animals reproduce through sexual reproduction involving male and female.
• Movement: Plants are generally stationary; animals move actively.
• Growth: Plant growth continues throughout life; animal growth stops at a certain stage.
• Dormancy: Plants may enter a period of reduced activity; some animals enter a state of dormancy (hibernation).
• Cell Wall: Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall while animal cells do not.
• Plastids: Plants have plastids; animals typically do not.
• Vacuoles: Plant cells contain large central vacuoles, not typically present in animal cells.
• Response to Stimuli: Plant responses are generally slower; animals have sensory systems and nervous systems for quick responses.

Plant Morphology and Anatomy

• Plant Morphology: Studies the visible structure and arrangement of plant parts.
• Plant Anatomy: Examines the internal tissues of plant structures.
• Plant Parts:
  • Roots (hold the plant in place, absorb water and nutrients)
  • Stems (support the plant, transport materials)
  • Leaves (photosynthesis)
  • Flowers (for reproduction)

Seed Structure and Germination

• Seed Structure:

  • Seed Coat: Protects the seed.
  • Endosperm: Food storage for the developing plant, often starchy or horny.
  • Embryo: The young plant, composed of:
    • Plumule: Forms the shoot system.
    • Radicle: Forms the root system.
    • Cotyledons: Seed leaves that nourish the developing plant (one or two per seed).
    • Hypocotyl & Epicotyl: Parts connecting the above structures.

• Seed Function: The seed continues the plant lineage by producing new plants.

تستعرض هذه الاختبار الخصائص العامة للنباتات وكيفية تشابهها مع الحيوانات في أداء بعض الوظائف. تتناول أيضًا الهيكل، التغذية، والعمليات الحيوية للنباتات. مناسب للمهتمين بعلم الأحياء.