Biology Chapter on Immunology and Disease Transmission
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Questions and Answers

Centrioles are involved in the process of cell division.

True (A)

A lack of resistance to disease is called susceptibility.

True (A)

Interferons are produced by infected cells and protect uninfected cells from viral infection.

True (A)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a type of transient flora.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages are small, granular leukocytes that engulf pathogens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct contact transmission can occur through contaminated surfaces.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Droplet transmission carries infectious agents over distances greater than a meter.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is a specific defense mechanism against infection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leukocytosis is a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the bloodstream.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waterborne transmission is a major route for contracting gastrointestinal diseases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Killer T-cells are responsible for producing antibodies in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normal flora are always harmful and cause disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biological vectors, like mosquitoes, actively transmit infectious agents.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory B-cells are responsible for a quicker and stronger immune response upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resident flora are microbes that are only present in the body for a short period of time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical vectors directly infect hosts with pathogens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the synthesis of lipids.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethanol production is an example of applied microbiology in the field of energy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The production of penicillin is an example of applied microbiology in agriculture.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Applied microbiology is used in forensics for purposes related to medicine and criminal justice, but not bioterrorism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prions are a type of non-cellular organism that are composed of nucleic acids.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria are eukaryotes, meaning they have a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are the only non-cellular organisms mentioned in the text.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formal study of classifying and organizing living beings is known as taxonomy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The branch of microbiology called biotechnology is concerned with the manipulation of genes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Algae are prokaryotes, meaning they lack a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All bacteria can form spores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are larger than bacteria and can be seen with a standard light microscope.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaea are prokaryotes that typically live in harsh environments, such as those with extremely high temperatures or salinity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protozoa are multicellular organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transient Flora

Microbes that temporarily inhabit a host for short durations before disappearing.

Normal Flora

Microbes that normally reside in the body without causing disease.

Opportunistic Pathogens

Normal flora that can cause disease when the body's balance is disrupted.

Contact Transmission

Spread of pathogens through direct or indirect physical contact.

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Droplet Transmission

Spread of pathogens through respiratory droplets, less than one meter.

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Airborne Transmission

Spread of pathogens through the air over distances greater than one meter.

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Water-borne Transmission

Spread of pathogens through contaminated water sources.

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Vector Transmission

Spread of pathogens via living organisms, often insects.

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Biological Vectors

Living organisms that actively transmit pathogens by bites.

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Pharmaceutical Agents

Substances produced by microorganisms used for drug development.

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Germination

The process where spores change into vegetative form when conditions improve.

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Mitochondria

Organelles that are the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP.

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Ribosomes

Granules made of RNA that synthesize proteins; some are free, others on ER.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranes involved in protein (rough) and lipid (smooth) synthesis.

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Golgi Apparatus

The packaging and shipping center of the cell that processes proteins from the ER.

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Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes for breaking down waste and unwanted materials.

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Cilia

Short, hair-like structures that move substances across cell surfaces.

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Defensive Mechanisms

Body mechanisms that provide resistance against infections, either nonspecific or specific.

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T-cells

White blood cells involved in cell-mediated immunity, targeting viruses and fungi.

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Antibody-mediated Immunity

Immune response produced by B-cells that specifically target bacteria.

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Microbiology

The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification.

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Microorganisms

Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths, algae, and prions.

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Prokaryotes

Cellular organisms without a nucleus, e.g., Archaea and bacteria.

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Eukaryotes

Cellular organisms with a mature nucleus, e.g., algae, fungi, protozoa.

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Taxonomy

The formal system of classifying and naming living organisms.

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Sporulation

The process where vegetative cells form spores in unfavorable conditions.

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Endospores

Inert, resistant forms that bacteria can take during sporulation.

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Biotechnology

Using microbes for production of foods, drugs, and vaccines.

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Viruses

Non-cellular pathogens that consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

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Prions

Infectious proteins that lack nucleic acid, causing diseases in animals.

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Study Notes

Microbiology

  • The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification
  • Originated with the invention of the microscope
  • Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), algae, and prions

Branches of Study Within Microbiology

  • Immunology
  • Public health microbiology and epidemiology
  • Food, dairy, and aquatic microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
  • Manipulating genes

Microbes Involved in

  • Nutrient production and energy flow
  • Decomposition
  • Biotechnology (production of foods, drugs, and vaccines)
  • Genetic engineering
  • Bioremediation
  • Infectious disease

Classification of Microorganisms (Protists)

I. Cellular

  • Prokaryotes: Have no nucleus or a primitive nucleus (pro = before, karyon = nucleus). Examples include archaea, bacteria, and blue-green algae.
  • Eukaryotes: Have a mature nucleus. Examples include algae (other than blue-green), fungi, and protozoans.

II. Non-Cellular

  • Viruses, viroids, prions

Taxonomy

  • The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living organisms
  • Bacteria: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms.
  • Archaea: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments.
  • Algae: Eukaryotic organisms, often unicellular or multicellular, performing photosynthesis.
  • Fungi: Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms.
  • Protozoa: Eukaryotic, unicellular, or multicellular organisms.
  • Viruses: Noncellular, seen only by electron microscopy; consist of nucleic acid (NA) surrounded by a protein coat.

Bacterial Life Cycle

  • Bacteria can exist in a vegetative form (metabolically active, growing, multiplying, and causing infection)
  • In unfavorable conditions, some bacteria form endospores (spores) - a resting, non-growing, and highly resistant form, able to survive for years. When conditions improve, spores return to vegetative form (germination).

Cytoplasmic Organelles

  • Mitochondria: Long, fluid-filled sacs (power site); contain ATP
  • Ribosomes: Small granules of RNA; some free in cytoplasm, others attached to endoplasmic reticulum. (Protein synthesis)
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  • Smooth: Lipid synthesis
  • Rough: Protein synthesis (for transport)
  • Golgi Apparatus: Flat sacs; connected to ER; functions as a "shipping center".
  • Lysosomes: Sacs containing digestive enzymes.
  • Centrioles: Two rods at right angles; function in cell division.
  • Cilia: Short, many, hair-like processes that create wave-like motion to move substances across cell surfaces.
  • Flagella: Long, few structures that move the cell.
  • Chloroplasts: (found in algae and plant cells); convert sun energy into chemical energy (photosynthesis).

Defense Mechanisms Against Infection

  • Nonspecific Mechanisms: Act against all harmful agents; provide non-specific resistance
  • Specific Mechanisms: Act against certain agents; provide specific resistance (immunity); lack of resistance is called susceptibility; virulance is the degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe.

Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms

  • Intact skin and mucous membranes
  • Fluids (tears, saliva, urine)
  • Complements (group of proteins acting in a sequence)
  • Interferons (chemical substances)
  • Phagocytosis (Two types: Neutrophils, Monocytes/macrophages)
  • Inflammation (localized or systemic, characterized by redness, hotness, swelling, may include loss of function.)

Specific Defense Mechanisms (Immunity)

  • Cell-mediated Immunity: Produced by T-cells (mainly against viruses and fungi). Includes Killer T-cells (destroy antigens) and Memory T-cells (remember antigen for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the antigen).
  • Antibody-mediated Immunity: Produced by B-cells (mainly against bacteria). Includes plasma cells (produce antibodies), Memory B-cells (recognize antigen for rapid secondary response)

Normal Flora/Microbiota

  • Resident Flora: Normal flora present throughout a person's life (e.g. S. epidermidis, E. Coli).
  • Transient Flora: May remain for a few hours to months (e.g. Bacillus Laterosporus)

Modes of Transmission

  • Contact Transmission: Direct (physical contact) or indirect (e.g., fomite, contaminated object).
  • Droplet Transmission: Infectious agents spread by respiratory droplets traveling less than 1 meter.
  • Airborne Transmission: Infectious agents spread by fluids traveling more than 1 meter.
  • Water-borne & Food-borne Transmission: Pathogens spread through contaminated water or food.
  • Vector Transmission: Pathogens spread by animals or arthropods.

Applied Microbiology

  • Includes subjects like food production, treatment of water, agricultural practices, and bioremediation.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in immunology, including the roles of centrioles, macrophages, and various types of immune cells. Additionally, it addresses the mechanisms of disease transmission and the importance of normal flora. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of biology related to health and disease.

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