Biology Chapter on Homeostasis and Pharmacogenomics
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Questions and Answers

What is homeostasis primarily responsible for in the body?

  • Prevent excessive blood loss
  • Quickly restore changed conditions to normal (correct)
  • Ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest
  • Prevent the external environment from changing

What type of feedback does oxytocin trigger during childbirth?

  • Local control
  • Positive feedback (correct)
  • Nociceptive feedback
  • Negative feedback

What term describes how genetics influences drug response?

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmageddon
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenomics (correct)

What kind of medicine involves making clinical decisions based on primary research?

<p>Evidence-based (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study involves participants acting as both experimental subjects and controls?

<p>Crossover study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information called?

<p>Physiome Project (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a placebo defined in clinical trials?

<p>A drug or treatment expected to have no pharmacological effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies?

<p>Meta-analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in the hypothesis 'Caffeine consumption increases heart rate'?

<p>Caffeine consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hypothesis 'Subjects who ate breakfast have a faster reaction time', what is the dependent variable?

<p>Time taken for reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the hypothesis: 'Pulse rate is lower in older subjects and is higher in heavier subjects'?

<p>Age and weight have no effect on pulse rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis was supported according to the conclusions drawn?

<p>Eating breakfast improves reaction time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the average pulse rates of caffeine-drinking and control subjects respectively?

<p>68 bpm and 73 bpm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was concluded regarding the relationship between height and reaction time?

<p>There is no relationship between height and reaction time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of resting pulse rate, what was the finding relating to smokers and nonsmokers?

<p>Smoking has no effect on resting pulse rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was indicated about subjects who exercise regularly in terms of their resting pulse rate?

<p>No impact of exercise on resting pulse rate was found (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution made up of?

<p>Solutes dissolved in a solvent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of substance easily dissolves in water?

<p>Hydrophilic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances do not dissolve well in water?

<p>Hydrophobic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule or ion that binds to a receptor protein called?

<p>Ligand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two methods are used for protein activation?

<p>Proteolytic and cofactor binding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is found in DNA?

<p>Deoxyribose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two purines are found in DNA?

<p>Adenine and guanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical reaction, what is broken to rearrange atoms into different substances?

<p>Chemical bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of selecting subjects of one gender in a study?

<p>To eliminate the impact of hormonal variations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a variable in the body's physiological processes?

<p>Blood glucose concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the mechanistic view of the heart rate increase?

<p>It occurs in reaction to signals from the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key ethical consideration when assessing treatment efficacy in a study?

<p>Preventing any harm to control group patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to consider gender differences in therapy effectiveness?

<p>Differences in hormonal environments impact treatment outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pancreas play in blood glucose regulation?

<p>It detects blood glucose concentration and adjusts hormone release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of physiological feedback, what operates as the output signal in response to high blood glucose levels?

<p>The release of insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might affect the efficacy of treatments among different racial groups?

<p>Intrinsic genetic variations or differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher concentration of protein-ligand complex at equilibrium indicate?

<p>The protein has a relatively high binding affinity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of glycolipids and glycoproteins?

<p>They are used as signaling molecules on the surfaces of cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between ions and isotopes?

<p>Ions are required for normal cellular function, while isotopes are not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of free radicals makes them particularly reactive?

<p>They have at least one unpaired electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do elements combine to form stable molecules according to their outer shell electrons?

<p>Stable outer shells typically contain eight electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an isotope?

<p>An atom that has gained or lost neutrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of outer shell electrons in atomic bonding?

<p>They influence the chemical reactivity of the atom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about free radicals is correct?

<p>They can be either charged or neutral. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another?

<p>Ionic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bond type is responsible for the attraction between different water molecules?

<p>Hydrogen bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sodium chloride when it is placed in water?

<p>It dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about polar covalent bonds is true?

<p>Electrons spend more time at some locations than others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the dissociation of sodium chloride in water?

<p>Ions function independently, maintaining some attraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water contributes to its surface tension?

<p>Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Mario's position parallel to the water surface have during his dive?

<p>Lower force per unit area on the water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen to sodium chloride crystals after being in water if the water is later evaporated?

<p>They will reform as dry crystals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis Definition

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Oxytocin Feedback

A positive feedback loop, where the effect of a hormone (oxytocin) causes more of itself to be released.

Pharmacogenomics

How genetics affects how the body responds to drugs.

Evidence-Based Medicine

Using published research to guide medical decisions.

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Crossover Study

A study where participants are in both the experimental and control groups during different phases.

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Physiome Project

Database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information.

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Placebo Definition

A treatment with no known therapeutic effect, used as a control in studies.

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Meta-analysis

A technique for combining results of multiple scientific studies to form a more accurate conclusion.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on another variable.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed to see how it changes in response to the independent variable.

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

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Caffeine and Heart Rate

Caffeine consumption likely increases heart rate, but a specific study did not support this.

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Pulse Rate and Age/Weight

Study found no significant effect of age or weight on resting pulse rate.

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Breakfast and Reaction Time

Eating breakfast improved reaction time compared to those who didn't eat breakfast.

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Height and Weight

As height increases, weight tends to increase. This is a positive correlation.

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Smoking and Pulse Rate

The study found no difference in pulse rate between smokers and nonsmokers, or between genders.

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Scientific Inquiry and Variation Removal

Removing sources of subject variation (age, gender) makes it easier to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.This allows for fewer participants.

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Reflex Arc (Example)

Sensory input triggers a response: eye sees soccer ball, brain processes, and leg muscles contract to kick the ball.

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Variable (Blood Glucose)

Blood glucose concentration is a variable. Stimulus is abnormal glucose; controller is the pancreas, which responds via insulin/glucagon.

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Teleological vs. Mechanistic Explanations

Teleological explanations describe why something happens (e.g., heart rate increases for oxygen delivery). Mechanistic explains how it happens (e.g., heart rate increases due to nervous system signals).

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Treatment Efficacy Considerations

Evaluating treatment effectiveness involves preventing control group deprivation and ensuring experimental treatment isn't inferior to existing treatments.

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Gender Differences in Therapies

Gender differences in physiology (e.g., testosterone levels) may affect treatment effectiveness.

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Therapy Testing in Children

Drugs aren't often tested in children because of their different hormonal environments compared to adults.

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Racial Differences in Therapy Effectiveness

Racial differences in therapy response exist, though the cause (genetic vs. socio-economic) is debated and warrants consideration.

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Solution

A mixture of solutes dissolved in a solvent.

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Hydrophilic

Substances that dissolve easily in water.

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Hydrophobic

Substances that do not dissolve well in water.

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Ligand

A molecule or ion that binds to a receptor protein.

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Protein Activation

Two methods of protein activation: proteolytic and cofactor binding.

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DNA Sugar

The five-carbon sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.

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RNA Sugar

The five-carbon sugar in RNA is ribose.

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Chemical Reaction Bonds

In chemical reactions, chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating a slightly positive and slightly negative end within the molecule.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms, creating a balanced distribution of charge within the molecule.

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Ionic Bond

A bond where one atom completely loses an electron to another, forming oppositely charged ions that attract.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond between polar molecules where the partially positive end of one molecule is attracted to the partially negative end of another.

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Dissociation of NaCl in Water

The separation of sodium chloride into sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) when dissolved in water due to the attraction between water molecules and the ions.

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Surface Tension

The force that causes the surface of a liquid to resist stretching or breaking.

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Force per Unit Area

The amount of force applied over a specific area.

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Crystalline Structure of Ice

The regular arrangement of water molecules in ice due to hydrogen bonding, forming a lattice-like structure.

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Equilibrium & Binding Affinity

At equilibrium, a higher concentration of protein-ligand complex signifies a strong binding affinity between the protein and the ligand.

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What are glycolipids and glycoproteins?

These are molecules formed by the interaction of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. They are commonly found on cell surfaces as signaling molecules.

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Ion

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge. Ions are essential for normal cell function and are formed when salts dissolve in water.

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Isotope

An atom that has gained or lost neutrons. Isotopes remain electrically neutral but can be radioactive, releasing energy.

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Free Radical

An atom or molecule with at least one unpaired electron, making it highly reactive and disruptive to cell function.

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Stable Outer Electron Shell

Atoms tend to be most stable with eight electrons in their outermost shell. This drives the formation of molecules by combining atoms with different electron counts.

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Predicting Molecular Formation

The tendency of elements to fill their outer shell with eight electrons leads to predictable combinations between atoms, as seen in the periodic table.

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How do atoms combine to form molecules?

Atoms combine to form molecules because of the way their outer shell electrons interact. The goal is to achieve a stable, filled outer shell with typically eight electrons.

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Study Notes

Homeostasis

  • Ability of the body to restore changed conditions to normal.

Oxytocin Feedback

  • Triggers positive feedback, leading to more uterine contractions.

Pharmacogenomics

  • Study of how genetics influences the body's response to drugs.

Evidence-Based Medicine

  • Clinical decisions based on primary research in biomedical literature.

Crossover Study

  • Participants act as both experimental and control subjects in different parts of the experiment.

Physiome Project

  • Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information.

Placebo

  • Drug or treatment without pharmacological effect.

Meta-Analysis

  • Technique to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies.

Scientific Inquiry

  • Removing sources of variation to determine the effect of independent variables, like choosing subjects of a specific gender and age when studying heart rate in relation to exercise.

Sensory-Motor Response

  • Visual information from eyes triggers a motor response in the body.

Variable Example (Blood Glucose)

  • Blood glucose concentration is a variable regulated by the pancreas, releasing insulin or glucagon for blood glucose control outside the normal range.

Teleological vs. Mechanistic Explanations

  • Teleological: Heart rate increases due to the increased need for oxygen and glucose delivered by the blood.
  • Mechanistic: Heart rate increase is a response to signals from the brain.

Treatment Efficacy Considerations

  • Control group patients must not be deprived; experimental treatment should not be less effective than standard treatments when evaluating treatment efficacy.

Gender and Racial Differences in Therapies

  • Gender and racial differences in therapy effectiveness exist due to physiological factors like hormone levels (e.g., testosterone), differing hormonal environments in children, and possibly socioeconomic factors. Research comparing groups should consider these differences.

Predictions and Variables

  • Predictions should specify independent and dependent variables, for example:
    • Independent variable: breakfast consumption
    • Dependent variable: reaction time

Height and Weight Relationship

  • Appropriate prediction: As height increases, weight tends to increase.
    • Dependent variable: weight
    • Independent variable: height

Caffeine and Heart Rate Study - Example results

  • Hypothesis: Caffeine consumption increases heart rate.
  • Possible Conclusion: There are few differences in mean pulse rates between caffeine-drinking and control groups. Hypothesis not supported by data.

Additional Study Notes

  • Various study examples of hypotheses related to pulse rate, breakfast consumption, exercise, smoking and height are provided; each has a possible conclusion based on given data.
  • Includes a concept of a solution, hydrophilic vs hydrophobic substances; as well as molecular interactions and definitions of ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds.
  • Explains the characteristics of DNA and RNA, including the types of (carbon) sugars, and of proteins for example the mechanism of their activation.
  • Explains the concept and formation of molecules and compounds, and explains how chemical reactions occur.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in biology, focusing on homeostasis, the role of oxytocin, pharmacogenomics, and evidence-based medicine. It also discusses research methodologies like crossover studies and meta-analysis, as well as the physiome project and placebo effects. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in biomedical science.

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