Biology Chapter on Fermentation and Breeding
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of fermentation in food production?

  • To eliminate all microorganisms from food
  • To add artificial flavors to products
  • To increase the nutritional value of food
  • To convert sugars into energy (correct)

Which scientist is credited with developing the germ theory related to fermentation?

  • Louis Pasteur (correct)
  • Alexander Fleming
  • Charles Darwin
  • Gregor Mendel

How did traditional medicine sometimes utilize moulds before modern antibiotics were discovered?

  • To enhance flavor in cooking
  • To create pain relief medication
  • To prevent spoilage in foods
  • To treat infections with natural antibiotics (correct)

What is selective breeding primarily intended to achieve?

<p>Development of organisms with desired traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an outcome from domestication through selective breeding?

<p>Uniformity in species characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which natural substance was first extracted by Alexander Fleming in 1928?

<p>Penicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic did early humans favor when selectively breeding dogs?

<p>Specific traits for tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key role do microorganisms play in fermentation beyond producing energy?

<p>Preserving food and enhancing flavors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does white biotechnology primarily focus on?

<p>Food and drink production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key benefit of grey biotechnology?

<p>Decreases environmental impact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biotechnology is concerned with developing drought-resistant plants?

<p>Brown biotechnology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of transgenic Escherichia coli in biotechnology?

<p>To produce human insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes primarily utilizes microorganisms for environmental cleanup?

<p>Grey biotechnology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yellow biotechnology is associated with which of the following functions?

<p>Food production and pest control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of products developed through white biotechnology?

<p>They are easily degradable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of selective breeding in cattle farming?

<p>To ensure desirable traits are passed to offspring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first rationally designed enzyme introduced in 1988 used for?

<p>Breaking down fat in detergents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is the source of cabbage, broccoli, and kale?

<p>Brassica oleracea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did early teosinte plants compare to modern corn?

<p>They had smaller cobs with fewer kernels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant scientific advancement did James Watson and Francis Crick contribute to in 1953?

<p>The discovery of DNA structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red biotechnology primarily focuses on which of the following?

<p>Pharmaceutical applications and gene therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does blue biotechnology primarily involve?

<p>Aquatic organisms for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of green biotechnology?

<p>Enhancing resistance of plants to diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic trait targeted in selective breeding?

<p>Size, strength, and disease resistance in livestock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CRISPR stand for?

<p>Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Cas9 enzyme in CRISPR technology?

<p>To cut the faulty gene out of a DNA strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of genetic modification described?

<p>Knocking off or silencing unwanted genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of modification does genetically modified Bt corn undergo?

<p>Transgenic modification to insert insecticidal proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for the use of biotechnology in agriculture?

<p>Maintaining ecosystem health and biodiversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the stakeholders involved in the proposed regulatory framework for GMOs?

<p>Scientists, policymakers, farmers, and consumers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a purpose of developing biopesticides?

<p>To reduce the chemical impact of nitrogen on the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the evolution of biotechnology?

<p>It indicates advancements in our ability to manipulate biological systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the gene after the Cas9 enzyme cuts out the faulty part?

<p>A synthetic version of the gene is inserted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do genes generally carry?

<p>Physical traits and characteristics of organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the study conducted at the University of Rwanda?

<p>Improving students' understanding of biotechnological concepts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was used to analyze qualitative data in the study?

<p>Thematic analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does genetically modified corn promote crop health?

<p>By killing harmful insects without chemicals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of biotechnology does modern practice focus on compared to traditional methods?

<p>Genetic engineering techniques and innovative solutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding international guidelines in GMO regulation?

<p>They aim to standardize regulation and trade practices globally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the sample size of the participants in the study at UR-CST?

<p>Two teachers and 109 students (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one specific genetic modification suggested for addressing vitamin deficiencies in crops?

<p>Inserting genes responsible for beta-carotene into rice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of selective breeding in livestock mentioned in the context?

<p>To enhance wool quality and disease resistance in sheep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a scientific consideration in the analysis of biotechnology?

<p>Implementing ongoing monitoring and research on GMOs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is addressed regarding the use of biotechnology?

<p>Transparency about GMO content in food products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a socio-economic consideration regarding biotechnology?

<p>Supporting equitable access to GMO technology among farmers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a potential ethical issue in biotechnology?

<p>Preventing exploitation of small-scale farmers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach for dealing with the unintended spread of GMO traits?

<p>Develop strategies for prevention and containment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic modification example was incorrectly suggested as a strategy to combat vitamin deficiencies?

<p>Boosting fiber content in wheat for health benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Selective breeding

A technique used to improve the genetic makeup of a population by selecting individuals with desirable traits and breeding them together.

Gene modification

The process of introducing new genes into an organism through genetic modification.

Transgenic modification

A type of gene modification that involves inserting a gene from one organism into another.

Golden rice

A genetically modified variety of rice that produces high levels of vitamin A, helping address vitamin A deficiencies.

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Beta-carotene

A pre-cursor of vitamin A, which can be converted into vitamin A in the body.

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Scientific considerations

Concerns related to the safety and efficacy of GMOs, including potential health risks and environmental damage.

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Ethical considerations

Concerns related to the ethical implications of GMOs, including issues of informed consent and equitable access to technology.

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Environmental considerations

Concerns related to the potential environmental impacts of GMOs, including unintended genetic transfers and the spread of resistance.

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Selective Breeding (in Animals)

A process used by farmers to improve animal traits by selecting individuals with desirable characteristics to breed.

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Selective Breeding (in Plants)

A technique used by farmers to create new or enhanced vegetables by selecting plants with desired traits and breeding them together.

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Genetic Engineering

The process of changing the genetic makeup of organisms to create desired traits. For example, modifying genes to make crops more resistant to pests or diseases.

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Red Biotechnology

The branch of biotechnology focused on medical applications, using techniques like gene therapy, stem cell research, and genetic engineering to develop new drugs and treatments.

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Blue Biotechnology

The use of biotechnology in aquatic organisms. This includes researching and developing new ways to use marine life for medicine, food, and biofuels.

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Green Biotechnology

The application of biotechnology in agriculture, focusing on improving crops by making them more resilient to environmental stresses, enhancing their yield, and increasing resistance to diseases.

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The Discovery of DNA

The discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick revolutionized biology. It laid the foundation for understanding the genetic code and paved the way for modern biotechnology.

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Biotechnology: Meeting Human Needs

Biotechnology plays a crucial role in addressing human needs and challenges in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, environmental protection, and forensics.

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White Biotechnology

Biotechnology techniques used to produce food or drinks, relying on living organisms like yeast, bacteria, and plants.

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Yellow Biotechnology

Biotechnology focused on agricultural applications, including pest control, herbicide resistance, and food production.

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Gene Editing

Modifying genes to enhance or replace traits, resulting in changes like different colored corns.

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Transgenic E. coli Insulin Production

Using genetically modified Escherichia coli bacteria to produce large quantities of human insulin.

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Rationally Designed Enzymes

Naturally occurring substances, like enzymes, that break down fats in detergents, used in a sustainable way.

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Fermentation

A process where microorganisms like yeasts, molds, and bacteria convert sugars into energy, producing substances like alcohol or acids, which preserve food and enhance flavors.

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Germ Theory

The theory that microorganisms cause fermentation, established by Louis Pasteur in the late 1800s. This theory revolutionized our understanding of how microbes affect processes like food preservation.

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Traditional Medicine

Using natural substances from plants and animals to treat illnesses. This practice has been around for centuries, with examples like using moldy soybean curds to treat boils in ancient China.

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Domestication

A specific type of selective breeding where humans choose certain traits in animals, leading to various breeds with specific characteristics based on their intended purpose (e.g., hunting, herding, companionship).

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Penicillin

The first antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, extracted from a type of mold. Penicillin's discovery revolutionized medicine and opened the door to the development of many other antibiotics.

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Natural Antibiotic

Any substance produced by a living organism, such as plants, animals, or bacteria, that can have a healing effect or other biological activity.

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What is CRISPR?

CRISPR is a gene editing technology that uses a protein called Cas9 to precisely cut and modify DNA.

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What is Cas9?

Cas9 is the protein that acts as a molecular scissor in CRISPR technology. It cuts DNA at specific locations guided by a molecule called a guide RNA. This allows scientists to target and edit genes precisely.

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What is a guide molecule in CRISPR?

A guide molecule, also called guide RNA, leads the Cas9 protein to the specific location in the DNA where the editing needs to take place.

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What is genetic modification?

Genetic modification involves altering the expression or structure of genes to achieve desired traits. It's like changing the instructions in a recipe to produce a different outcome.

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What is gene silencing?

Gene silencing is a technique used in genetic modification to deactivate or remove unwanted genes. It's like turning off a light switch, preventing the gene from working.

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What is transgenic modification?

Transgenic modification involves transferring a desired gene from one organism to another, often using enzymes. It's like taking a recipe from one cookbook and adding it to another.

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What is Bt corn?

Bt corn is a genetically modified crop that produces insecticidal proteins, making it resistant to insect pests. This reduces the need for chemical pesticides.

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What are biopesticides and biofertilizers?

Biopesticides and biofertilizers are natural alternatives to chemical pesticides and fertilizers, reducing the environmental impact of agriculture.

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Biotechnology

The use of living organisms or their components to create products and processes that benefit humans.

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Agricultural Biotechnology

The application of biotechnology in agriculture, such as using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to enhance crop yields or nutritional content.

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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms that have been genetically altered to have desired traits, often for increasing yield, nutritional value, or pest resistance in agriculture.

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Medical Biotechnology

The use of biotechnology to combat diseases, develop new treatments, and improve healthcare.

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Teaching Practices and Learning Styles

The study of teaching methods and learning styles to understand how students learn and how to effectively deliver educational content.

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Mixed Methods Research

The use of mixed research methods, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.

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Thematic Analysis

The process of identifying patterns and themes within qualitative data to extract meaning and insights.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology Exploration

  • Title: An In-Depth Exploration of Old and Modern Biotechnology
  • Presenter: Cristine Pongasi

Lesson Outline

  • Section 1: Old Biotechnology
  • Section 2: Modern Biotechnology
  • Section 3: Ethical Implications

Old Biotechnology

  • Fermentation: A process used by microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) to convert sugars into energy, used in making bread, beer, and yogurt. This process also preserves food and enhances flavors.
  • Scientific Basis: Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation in the late 1800s with his Germ Theory. This showed the existence of microorganisms and their effect on fermentation.
  • Traditional Medicine: Natural substances from plants and animals used for healing (e.g., Chinese using mouldy soybean curds to treat boils). Ancient cultures observed the effects of moulds on preventing infection, though penicillin was isolated much later.

Modern Biotechnology

  • DNA Discovery: The 1953 discovery of DNA structure by Watson and Crick laid a foundation for modern biotechnology.
  • Applications: Understanding DNA structure and function paved the way for genetic engineering, gene editing tools, and DNA sequencing technologies.
  • Meeting Human Needs: Biotechnology plays a role in medicine (e.g., red biotechnology: gene therapy, stem cell research, drug development), agriculture (e.g., crop modification), forensics, bioremediation, biocontrol and biosecurity.

Ethical Considerations

  • Ethical and Moral Issues: Violet biotechnology considers ethical and moral issues in the modification of genes and resultant problems, such as patent rights.
  • Transgenerational Impact: Biotech innovations may have unforeseen effects on future generations, requiring consideration of their well-being and interests.
  • Stakeholder Involvement: Transgenerational consequences of biotechnology necessitate considering the needs of stakeholders involved, including consumers, farmers, scientists, and policymakers.

Specific Biotechnologies

  • Red Biotechnology: Deals with biotechnology techniques like gene therapy (replacing defective genes), stem cell research (e.g., fighting leukemia), genetic engineering (modifying organisms), and the development of drugs. Tissue engineering is a specific area under red biotechnology.

  • Blue Biotechnology: Focuses on aquatic organisms for pharmaceutical drugs, cosmetics, research (E.g., using algae for food, drugs, and biofuels), and research on neurons (by exploiting jellyfish fluorescence).

  • Green Biotechnology: Deals with genetic modification of plants to achieve characteristics such as drought resistance, enhanced yields, and resistance against viral diseases. Biopesticides/biofertilizers are developed to reduce chemical impact.

  • Grey Biotechnology: Includes all biotechnological procedures used for preparing drinking water, purifying sewage, restoring contaminated land, and cleaning exhaust gases.

  • Yellow Biotechnology: Develops products for use in green, red, and white biotechnology (e.g., pest control through peptides, gluten-free food through enzyme inhibition).

  • Brown Biotechnology: Focuses on the development of drought-resistant plants in light of climate change and related issues.

  • Gold Biotechnology: Includes nanobiotechnology, working with tiny organisms and materials relevant to industry. It also addresses understanding the expression of genes within immune cells.

  • Orange Biotechnology: Examines teaching and communication strategies for biotechnology due to its complexity and interdisciplinary nature.

  • White Biotechnology: Focuses on using biotechnological processes for producing food and drinks, using easily degradable and energy-efficient products, and reducing waste production.

Additional Concepts

  • Selective Breeding: A process used to develop new organisms with desired characteristics (e.g., in livestock and agriculture). Examples include dogs, cattle, and crops like corn, and cabbage.
  • Domestication: Selective breeding of animals (e.g., dogs) by humans for favored traits for tasks.
  • Crop Modification: Examples include the genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn. This produces insecticidal proteins, which protect the crop from insects without requiring the use of chemicals.
  • Genetic Modification: Involves altering gene expression or structure of genes for desired traits by methods like knocking off unwanted gene, or by transgenic modification (isolating and inserting desired genes into a host organism).

Learning Checks

  • Nutritional Content Improvement: Aiming to improve the nutritional content of staple crops in regions with nutritional deficiencies by considering genetic modifications.
  • Livestock Selection: Provide an example of a type of livestock that a farmer can selectively breed.
  • Considerations: Include scientific factors (safety and efficacy, long-term effects on health and environment) and ethical factors (transparency, consumer awareness of GMOs, small-scale farmer rights, exploitation). Environmental factors (preventing spread to wild populations, sustainable agricultural practices) and Socio-economic factors (equitable access to technology, reaching vulnerable populations) should also be discussed.

CRISPR

  • CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing technique used for identifying and eliminating faulty genes from cells.

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An In-Depth Exploration Of Old And Modern Biotechnology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on fermentation's role in food production, the germ theory, and how selective breeding has shaped domestication. This quiz also explores the contributions of microorganisms and early medical practices with moulds. Perfect for biology enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding!

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