Biology Chapter on Evolution and Genetics
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary concern related to GMOs?

  • Gene flow to wild relatives (correct)
  • Higher crop yields
  • Enhanced nutritional value
  • Increased genetic diversity

    • Which classification level is broader than 'Genus' in hierarchical taxonomy?

  • Order
  • Class
  • Species
  • Family (correct)

    • Which of the following accurately represents Darwin's theory?

  • Species are fixed and unchanging
  • Evolution occurs only through drastic changes
  • Descent with inheritance of acquired features
  • Natural selection favors advantageous traits (correct)

    • What did Lamarck inaccurately propose about evolutionary adaptations?

    <p>Organisms inherit acquired traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of observable evolution in response to human influence?

    <p>Pesticide resistance in insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fossil record help document?

    <p>The history of extinct species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of natural selection?

    <p>Random survival of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a homologous structure?

    <p>Similarities due to common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

    <p>To amplify specific DNA segments rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis?

    <p>A comparison of the lengths of repeated DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA move during gel electrophoresis?

    <p>It moves towards the positive electrode due to its positive charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do genetically modified organisms (GMOs) play in agriculture?

    <p>They are used to boost insect resistance, herbicide resistance, and nutritional value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one application of bioinformatics?

    <p>Storing and analyzing DNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genomics study?

    <p>Whole sets of genes across organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the whole-genome shotgun method involve?

    <p>Cloning and sequencing fragments of a genome then reassembling them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of systems biology?

    <p>To model the behavior of biological systems based on interactions among their parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

    <p>They are biological catalysts that lower activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes facilitated diffusion?

    <p>It requires the assistance of transport proteins to move substances across a membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a selectively permeable membrane?

    <p>It selectively allows certain substances to pass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement describes osmosis?

    <p>Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of cellular eating?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

    <p>To provide energy for cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can enzyme inhibitors affect enzyme activity?

    <p>They can bind to the enzyme at either the active site or elsewhere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does active transport differ from passive transport?

    <p>Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nondisjunction in the context of meiosis?

    <p>The failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what happens to allele pairs during gamete formation?

    <p>Allele pairs segregate, restoring the paired condition at fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the offspring produced from two different purebred varieties?

    <p>Hybrids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Independent Assortment imply?

    <p>The inheritance of one character does not affect another character's inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a phenotype?

    <p>The color of a plant's flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are alleles defined in genetic terms?

    <p>Different versions of a gene that influence traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which generation does the reappearance of recessive traits typically occur, according to Mendel's Law?

    <p>F₂ generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes homozygous organisms?

    <p>Organisms with two identical alleles for a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do homologous structures indicate about different organisms?

    <p>They have anatomical similarities due to common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism acts on individuals but leads to changes in populations?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of new alleles in a population?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does genetic drift have the most significant effect?

    <p>Small populations with limited gene pools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation describe?

    <p>The genetic makeup of a population that is not evolving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from a bottleneck effect in a population?

    <p>Drastic reduction in population size and genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Hardy-Weinberg equation represents the frequency of heterozygotes?

    <p>2pq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT affect heritable traits in a population?

    <p>Lifestyle choices of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene flow primarily responsible for in populations?

    <p>Reducing differences between populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of selection favors both extreme phenotypes?

    <p>Disruptive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a species according to the biological species concept?

    <p>A group of populations that can potentially interbreed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic barrier?

    <p>Gametic isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sexual dimorphism?

    <p>Differences in appearance between males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of prezygotic barrier?

    <p>Hybrid fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In natural selection, what outcome describes the favoring of one extreme phenotype?

    <p>Directional selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT be considered a reproductive barrier?

    <p>Genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biology

    • Biology is the scientific study of life, interwoven into daily existence, from understanding organisms to everyday decisions.
    • Biology's impact is far-reaching, affecting medicine, public health, and environmental concerns. It explores biological concepts in real-world applications.

    The Scientific Study of Life

    • Biology relies on inquiry, or the search for information and explanations, utilizing two main approaches:
      • Discovery science: Describing nature through verifiable observations and measurements (data gathering).
      • Hypothesis-driven science: Explaining nature, employing the scientific method: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results and revising/repeating.

    The Nature of Life

    • Properties shared by all living things:
      • Order - Living things exhibit complex but organized structures
      • Regulation - Control of internal conditions within acceptable limits
      • Growth and development - Increase in size and complexity controlled by DNA
      • Energy processing - Acquiring and using energy to power life's activities
      • Response to the environment - Responding to environmental stimuli
      • Reproduction - Producing offspring of the same kind
      • Evolution - Change over time as a population
    • Theories aren't mere guesses, but comprehensive explanations supported by substantial, broad-reaching evidence that explain a wide range of phenomena. Theories, like evolution by natural selection, are used to generate new hypotheses.

    Essential Chemistry for Biology

    • Matter: anything that takes up space (mass)
    • Elements - building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down any further
    • Compounds - combinations of elements in fixed ratios

    Essential Chemistry for Biology

    • Atoms: smallest units of matter that retain elements' properties. Consist of subatomic particles:
      • Protons - Positively charged; determine element (atomic number).
      • Neutrons - No charge; isotopes of an element vary in neutron number.
      • Electrons - Negatively charged; participate in chemical reactions.
    • Isotopes: Variations of an element, differing only in neutron numbers. Some isotopes are radioactive.
    • Chemical bonds: link atoms in molecules (ionic, covalent, hydrogen), affecting a molecule's structure and thus function.
      • Ionic bonds: attraction of oppositely charged ions. Table salt (NaCl).
      • Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons between atoms, creating strong molecules. Water (H₂O)
      • Hydrogen bonds: weak attraction between polar molecules, influencing water's properties

    Water and Life

    • Properties of water:
      • Cohesion - water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonds, allowing water transport against gravity in plants.
      • Temperature moderation - water can absorb and release large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change.
      • Ice floats - solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water, critical for aquatic life.
      • Water as a solvent - versatility in dissolving substances due to its polarity.

    Large Biological Molecules

    • Four major classes: carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats and oils), proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
    • Monomers form polymers via dehydration reactions, while hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers.

    The Cell

    • All living things are composed of cells, the fundamental units of life.
    • Two major types of cells:
      • Prokaryotic - Simpler; smaller. Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria and archaea
      • Eukaryotic - Larger; more complex. Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; found in protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
    • Organelles carry out specialized functions within eukaryotic cells
    • Cell structure and function are crucial for understanding biological processes.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration harvests energy stored in organic fuel molecules.
    • Three main stages: glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars.
    • Two main stages: light reactions and Calvin cycle.

    Heredity

    • Genetics: the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel's work with pea plants established basic patterns of inheritance.
    • Mendel's laws: segregation (alleles separate) and independent assortment (alleles for different genes separate independently)
    • Variations on Mendel's laws: incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, and polygenic inheritance.

    DNA

    • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the hereditary material, a double helix.
    • Components include nucleotides, base pairing, and DNA replication.
    • Transcription and translation: DNA information is transcribed into RNA , then translated into proteins. This is known as the central dogma.
    • Mutations: changes in DNA base sequences.

    Viruses

    • Viruses: infectious particles composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid). They aren't living organisms but can reproduce inside host cells, causing diseases.

    Gene Regulation

    • Gene expression is controlled in all organisms to maintain homeostasis, responding to environmental changes
    • Gene regulation in bacteria and higher organisms are distinct.

    Evolution

    • The fossil record; natural selection; genetic drift, gene flow, adaptive radiation, sympatric and allopatric speciation, and phylogeny all contribute to the diversity of life.

    Ecology

    • Ecology studies organisms' interactions with each other and their environment. It includes diverse biomes (aquatic and terrestrial).
    • Population ecology examines factors affecting population size (density, dispersion, growth).

    Biodiversity

    • Biodiversity is the variety of life; encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
    • Biodiversity loss is caused by habitat destruction, overexploitation, invasive species and pollution.

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    Campbell Essential Biology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in biology related to evolution, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and genetic analysis techniques. It addresses theories from prominent scientists, the role of DNA in evolution, and modern applications in agriculture and bioinformatics. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological principles.

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