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Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source created from dead organisms under pressure?
Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source created from dead organisms under pressure?
Oxygen is only produced by animals during cellular respiration.
Oxygen is only produced by animals during cellular respiration.
False
What gas is primarily responsible for trapping energy in the atmosphere and contributing to the greenhouse effect?
What gas is primarily responsible for trapping energy in the atmosphere and contributing to the greenhouse effect?
Carbon dioxide
The oceans act as a carbon __________ by storing excess CO2.
The oceans act as a carbon __________ by storing excess CO2.
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Match the components of the nitrogen cycle with their descriptions:
Match the components of the nitrogen cycle with their descriptions:
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What are the main reservoirs of inorganic carbon?
What are the main reservoirs of inorganic carbon?
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Methane is not considered a greenhouse gas.
Methane is not considered a greenhouse gas.
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Name one process that contributes to the carbon cycle.
Name one process that contributes to the carbon cycle.
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What is indicated by homologous structures?
What is indicated by homologous structures?
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Punctuated equilibrium suggests that evolution occurs steadily over time without interruptions.
Punctuated equilibrium suggests that evolution occurs steadily over time without interruptions.
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What are the primary pigments involved in photosynthesis?
What are the primary pigments involved in photosynthesis?
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During photosynthesis, the overall process can be summarized by the equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy → ________ + 6O2.
During photosynthesis, the overall process can be summarized by the equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy → ________ + 6O2.
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Match the organelles to their functions in plant cells:
Match the organelles to their functions in plant cells:
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Which structure is responsible for gas exchange in chloroplasts?
Which structure is responsible for gas exchange in chloroplasts?
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Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
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What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
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Leukemia is characterized by a decrease in the production of white blood cells.
Leukemia is characterized by a decrease in the production of white blood cells.
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What do thromboplastin, calcium ions, and prothrombin create during the blood clotting process?
What do thromboplastin, calcium ions, and prothrombin create during the blood clotting process?
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The hereditary genetic disorder that causes under-production of platelets is called __________.
The hereditary genetic disorder that causes under-production of platelets is called __________.
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Match the following immune responses with their descriptions:
Match the following immune responses with their descriptions:
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Which statement is true regarding lymph nodes?
Which statement is true regarding lymph nodes?
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Vasodilation refers to blood vessels contracting to conserve heat.
Vasodilation refers to blood vessels contracting to conserve heat.
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What type of cells are tasked with analyzing pathogens during the immune response?
What type of cells are tasked with analyzing pathogens during the immune response?
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What is the primary function of killer T-cells?
What is the primary function of killer T-cells?
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Suppressor T-cells enhance the activity of killer T-cells.
Suppressor T-cells enhance the activity of killer T-cells.
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What do memory B-cells do?
What do memory B-cells do?
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The type of cells that produce antibodies to slow pathogens are called _______.
The type of cells that produce antibodies to slow pathogens are called _______.
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Which statement is true about antibodies?
Which statement is true about antibodies?
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Match the immune cell types with their functions:
Match the immune cell types with their functions:
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Vaccines can introduce a live pathogen to stimulate an immune response.
Vaccines can introduce a live pathogen to stimulate an immune response.
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What role do antigens play in the immune response?
What role do antigens play in the immune response?
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What type of system allows both energy and matter to freely pass in and out?
What type of system allows both energy and matter to freely pass in and out?
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The Earth is considered a closed system because matter can freely transfer through the atmosphere.
The Earth is considered a closed system because matter can freely transfer through the atmosphere.
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What is the primary source of energy essential for all life on Earth?
What is the primary source of energy essential for all life on Earth?
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The __________ is made up of all ecosystems where life exists on Earth.
The __________ is made up of all ecosystems where life exists on Earth.
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Match the following Earth systems with their definitions:
Match the following Earth systems with their definitions:
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What type of carbohydrates includes glucose and fructose?
What type of carbohydrates includes glucose and fructose?
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Cellulose is primarily used as an energy source.
Cellulose is primarily used as an energy source.
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
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In dehydration synthesis, a hydroxide ion is lost from one monomer and a ______ ion from another.
In dehydration synthesis, a hydroxide ion is lost from one monomer and a ______ ion from another.
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Match the lipids with their characteristics:
Match the lipids with their characteristics:
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Which statement is true regarding cholesterol?
Which statement is true regarding cholesterol?
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Increasing substrate concentration will initially increase enzyme activity.
Increasing substrate concentration will initially increase enzyme activity.
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What is the essential feature of enzymes in relation to activation energy?
What is the essential feature of enzymes in relation to activation energy?
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Study Notes
Open Systems
- Open systems allow energy and matter to transfer between the system and its surroundings.
- Examples include lakes and oceans.
Closed Systems
- Matter transfer is possible between a closed system and its surroundings, but not energy, except when forced.
- Earth is an example of a closed system.
Biosphere
- The biosphere encompasses all parts of Earth where life exists.
- It includes all ecosystems.
Lithosphere
- The lithosphere is Earth's top layer, primarily composed of soil, rocks, and minerals.
Hydrosphere
- The hydrosphere includes all of Earth's water.
Atmosphere
- The atmosphere is composed of Earth's surrounding gases.
The Sun
- Solar radiation is the primary energy source for all life on Earth.
- 50% of solar energy is absorbed by Earth's surface.
- 30% is reflected and 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere.
Albedo
- Albedo measures the amount of solar energy reflected by clouds, water, and land.
- High albedo: Arctic lands (85-90% reflection).
- Low albedo: Plains and grasslands (70% absorption).
Organization of the Biosphere
- All life on Earth is part of ecosystems.
- An ecosystem is a community of living organisms and their surroundings.
- A community is multiple different species living together in the same area and time period.
- A population is members of the same species living in the same area and time period.
- A species is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
- An individual organism is a single member of a species.
- Organ systems are groups of organs that function similarly.
- An organ is a group of tissues that function similarly.
- Tissues are groups of cells that function similarly.
- Cells are the smallest functional units of life.
Autotrophs/Producers
- Autotrophs get energy from light (phototrophs) or nonorganic sources (chemotrophs).
- They convert nonorganic compounds to organic forms.
- They support all other life forms as the first trophic level.
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
- Abiotic factors include space, temperature, altitude, and sunlight.
- Biotic factors include food, mates, and competition for resources.
DDT
- DDT was effective in reducing mosquito populations, but had negative impacts on food webs and ecosystems.
- It negatively affected the populations of other insects, leading to a decrease in animals that fed on them.
- Also caused a significant increase in rodent populations due to decreased cat populations.
- DDT lessened the calcium in bird eggs, making them brittle, and decreased the rate of egg laying, almost causing the extinction of the Bald Eagle.
Accumulation and Amplification
- Bioaccumulation is the buildup of toxins in individual organisms.
- Bioamplification is the increase in toxins across trophic levels.
Biogeochemical Cycles
- Biogeochemical cycles recycle essential chemical elements in ecosystems.
- These cycles involve both biotic and abiotic components.
Digestion
- Complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler ones during digestion.
- These simpler molecules become parts of the body's structure.
Decay
- Decomposers break down dead organic matter (like bodies and feces).
- This matter becomes part of the living world.
Hydrological Cycle
- Water is essential for various life processes.
- It absorbs, releases, and moderates thermal energy.
- It acts as a medium for metabolism.
- It comprises more than 60% of cells.
- Water acts as a reactant and product in biological processes.
Water Molecules
- Water molecules are held together by covalent bonds.
- These bonds explain water's high melting and boiling points.
- Water's polarity creates hydrogen bonds.
- Water has unusual properties conducive to life. It moderates temperatures, is a universal solvent, and plays a role in numerous biological processes.
Transpiration, Evaporation, Condensation, and Precipitation
- Transpiration is the loss of water from plant leaves.
- Evaporation is changing from a liquid to gas.
- Condensation is changing from a gas to liquid.
- Precipitation is liquid water (rain) or frozen water (snow) falling from the sky
Percolation
- Water percolates faster through larger soil particles.
- Water eventually fills lower levels of soil.
- A water table forms above a layer of rock or clay.
- An aquifer is porous rock that contains water.
Leaching
- Leaching is the removal of substances from soil by percolating water.
- This includes nutrients and minerals.
Freshwater Sources
- Freshwater sources include surface water (precipitation above ground) and groundwater (water through the soil).
Acid Rain
- Acid rain is caused by the release of poisonous gases (like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) from fossil fuel combustion.
- These gases combine with water vapor in the atmosphere to form acids.
- Acid rain has negative impacts on aquatic life, soil, and plants.
- Alkaline soils neutralize acid to a degree before runoff to streams and lakes.
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle
- Carbon is a component of all living things.
- Plants perform photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
- Plants and animals also perform cellular respiration, converting oxygen to carbon dioxide.
- Soil organisms decompose matter, returning carbon to the soil.
- Oceans store excess carbon dioxide.
- Oxygen is essential for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Fossil Fuels
- Fossil fuels form when dead organisms are compressed over time. This is a nonrenewable energy source.
- Burning fossil fuels releases carbon into the atmosphere, disrupting natural cycles and impacting the climate.
- Carbon is contained in the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth's crust.
CO2 in Atmosphere
- Photosynthesis and consumer processes remove CO2 from the atmosphere.
- Decomposition and cellular respiration release CO2 into the atmosphere.
- Types of greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and others.
Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification are key parts of the nitrogen cycle. These are processes involving bacteria converting nitrogen into usable forms that can be used by plants, other organisms, and so on.
- Nitrogen is essential for life, as it is a component of proteins and nucleic acids.
Nitrogen Fixation
- Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3).
- This crucial process is often performed by bacteria, with lightning also playing a smaller role.
- Fertilizers can artificially provide organic nitrogen.
- Lightning breaks atmospheric nitrogen molecules at high temperatures.
- Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in special nodules in legumes (beans, lentils, peas, peanuts).
- Rhizobium is a specific nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
- Nitrogen fixation is a crucial process for life on Earth.
Ammonification
- Decomposers convert nitrogen products from tissues into ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+).
- Bacteria, soil, and fungi are decomposers.
Nitrification
- The nitrifying bacteria converts ammonium into nitrites (NO2-) and then nitrates (NO3-).
Denitrification
- Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back to atmospheric nitrogen (N2), restarting the cycle.
- This return of nitrogen to the atmosphere is critical.
- Ammonia is converted to nitrite and then nitrate.
- Nitrates are assimilated by plants.
- This process enables use of nitrogen in the biosphere.
Fertilizers
- Chemical fertilizers provide nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
- Natural fertilizers provide nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium through manure.
- Certain nitrogen-containing compounds are also used as chemical fertilizers in agriculture.
Taxonomy
- Taxonomy is the classification of organisms.
- The binomial nomenclature system uses genus and species.
- Organisms are grouped in hierarchical orders from domain to species.
- Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei.
- Eukaryotic cells contain nuclei.
- Chordates share a spinal cord, typically.
- Hominids are a group of great apes.
- Dichotomous keys are used to identify species
Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition
- Interspecific competition: Competition between different species for resources.
- Intraspecific competition: competition between members of the same species within the same ecosystem.
Ecotones
- Ectotones are areas where different ecosystems meet.
- They show higher diversity compared to the surrounding ecosystems.
Invasive Species
- Invasive species can spread diseases, outcompete native species for resources, and disrupt ecosystems.
Ecology
- Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions between them.
- Biotic potential is the maximum reproductive capacity of a species under ideal conditions.
- Carrying capacity is the maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can sustainably support.
- The law of tolerance states that organisms can survive only within a specific range of an abiotic factor.
- Density-dependent factors affect population size based on population density.
- Examples include food scarcity, competition, and disease.
- Density-independent factors affect populations regardless of density.
- Examples include natural disasters and climate change.
Evolution
- Artificial selection is the process by which humans choose certain traits in organisms to breed over time, favouring those traits over others.
- Vestigial traits are traits that have lost their original function through evolution.
- Mutations are changes in genetic material.
- Point mutations involve changes in a single nucleotide.
- Fitness is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce.
- Natural selection favours traits that increase fitness.
- Analogous structures have similar functions but different evolutionary origins.
- Homologous structures have similar structures but different functions and shared evolutionary origins.
Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium
- Gradualism: Evolution occurs slowly over time.
- Punctuated equilibrium: Evolution occurs in rapid bursts followed by periods of stability.
- Speciation is the formation of new species from existing ones.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a sugar).
- Photons are particles that make up light, influencing energy levels.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis.
- Different light colours are absorbed at different levels.
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
- Photosynthesis only occurs in plant cells and some bacteria and archaea
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.
- Light-dependent reactions require light energy, generating high-energy molecules.
- Light-independent reactions use these high-energy molecules to convert carbon dioxide into sugar.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a crucial energy source in biological processes.
- Aerobic respiration needs oxygen.
- Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.
- Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, The Krebs' Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
Plant Cells
- Plant cells have unique organelles: vacuoles for storing water, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and cell walls for support.
- Thylakoid membranes and grana are part of chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts have double membranes: inner and outer membranes.
- Stomata allow the exchange of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen.
- Photosynthesis uses light to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
- Most chloroplasts are in the palisade mesophyll layer.
Circulatory System
- Systemic and pulmonary circuits are parts of the circulatory system.
- The body exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide.
- Blood flows through different parts of the heart in stages. This includes the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, and so on.
Lymphatic System
- The lymphatic system consists of vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes.
- The system produces and matures lymphocytes. Includes macrophages.
- Swollen lymph nodes indicate infections or immune responses.
Immune System
- The immune system is the body's defence system.
- Includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
- Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Includes three different types of T-cells.
- T-cells and B-cells are types of lymphocytes.
- Memory B-cells remember previously encountered pathogens.
- Plasma cells produce antibodies that recognize and attach to pathogen antigens.
Antibodies vs Antigens
- Antibodies are proteins that recognize antigens, which are foreign substances.
- Antibodies help the immune system recognize pathogens and destroy them.
- Antigens are usually proteins associated with pathogens.
- Agglutination is a process where pathogens aggregate due to antibodies.
Vaccines
- Vaccines introduce a deactivated pathogen to stimulate the immune system's response to create antibodies to fight the real pathogen.
- Antibodies help build immunity to pathogens. Vaccinations develop immunity.
AIDS
- HIV cripples the immune system by targeting and destroying T-cells.
ABO Grouping
- People have different blood types (A, B, AB, O) based on antigens on their red blood cells. -
- Blood transfusions must be compatible.
- Different blood types have different antibodies.
- Different blood types can cause agglutination when combined.
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm.
- Gases are exchanged through the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs).
- The diaphragm is a muscle that aids in breathing.
- Breathing is enabled via the intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
- The trachea is protected to prevent the entry of foreign particles.
Gas Exchange in Lungs
- The lungs have to have a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- At the alveoli (air sacs), gases move from areas of high concentration to low concentration, to ensure effective gas exchange. This is dependent on the pressure of gases and their respective concentrations.
- Hemoglobin is the protein that oxygen attaches to in red blood cells.
- Hemoglobin combined with CO2 forms carbaminohemoglobin.
Spirometry
- Spirometry measures lung volumes and capacities.
- Types of lung capacities: Total lung capacity, vital capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume.
Biochemistry - Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
- Carbohydrates are isomers having the same chemical formula but a different arrangement, and involved in energy storage and structure.
- Lipids are composed of fatty acids, a carboxyl group, and non-polar components.
- Proteins are composed of amino acids and have diverse structural and functional roles.
Digestive System
- Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing, forming bolus.
- The esophagus moves bolus to the stomach.
- The stomach further digests food through physical and chemical processes, producing chyme.
- The small intestine completes the digestion process with various enzymes, and absorbs nutrients.
- The large intestine concentrates and releases waste products, through the rectum.
Excretory System
- The excretory system filters blood, collects waste products, and regulates water and salt balance in the body.
- The kidneys filter the blood and produce urine.
- The nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys.
- Urine travels through the ureters to the bladder, and then exits the body through the urethra.
- Excess proteins are broken down by the liver into urea and expelled.
Filtration in Kidneys
- The kidneys filter wastes and excess substances from the blood into the Bowman's Capsule, a collection chamber.
- Filtrate is moved through the convoluted tubes to perform further adjustments to maintain homeostasis.
- Substances like water, salt, glucose, and amino acids are selectively reabsorbed or secreted based on the body's requirements. This is controlled by hormones like ADH and aldosterone.
Reabsorption in Kidneys
- Useful substances are moved from the convoluted tubes back into the bloodstream.
- Substances like water, salt, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed from the filtrate.
- Different hormones, like antidiuretic hormone (ADH), influence this process.
Diseases of the Kidney and Endocrine Systems
- Diabetes mellitus: Hyposecretion of insulin by the pancreas leads to high blood glucose levels, increased urination and high thirst.
- Diabetes insipidus: Defect in ADH production results in frequent urination, dehydration, and excessive thirst.
Enzymes
- Enzymes decrease activation energy of reactions.
- Enzyme activity is impacted by factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate concentration.
- Enzymes are specific, generally, to their substrates, unlike non-specific catalysts or chemicals, and have a particular three dimensional shape, so that the substrate binding is possible
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Description
Test your knowledge on nonrenewable energy sources, the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and key biological processes related to photosynthesis. This quiz covers essential concepts that connect ecology and organismal biology. Challenge yourself with questions about gas exchange and evolutionary concepts.
