Biology Chapter on Endosymbiosis and Taxonomy

<p>Endosymbiosis involves a more intimate relationship between organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that the simplest explanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts is the most likely. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kingdom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Linnaeus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They share a more recent common ancestor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protista (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that vertebrates evolved from an aquatic ancestor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observing their behavior in the wild (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to interbreed with other populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fossils exhibited a pattern of cell division similar to modern animals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the exchange of genetic material between diverging populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two faunas were largely independent and distinct, with little overlap. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They demonstrate a high diversity of animal groups, including the first appearance of arthropods and mollusks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide evidence for the earliest known animals on Earth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Burgess Shale faunas include a wider range of animal groups, including the first appearance of arthropods and mollusks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acclimation is a change in an individual's phenotype in response to environmental change, while adaptation is a change in a population's phenotype over generations in response to environmental change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artificial selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruptive selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickle cell anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution is not linear but branching, and different groups have adapted to different environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in genetic diversity within a population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterozygote advantage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited genetic variation in the population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces genetic differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation contributions to genetic diversity can be negligible without other mechanisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When natural selection has adapted a population to a specific environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most mutations are neutral and do not affect fitness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vestigial traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species change gradually over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were all descendants of a single ancestral species that arrived on the islands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural homology refers to similarities in adult morphology, while developmental homology refers to similarities in embryonic development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fossil record shows a clear progression of species over time, with new species arising and others becoming extinct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radioactive isotopes decay at a predictable rate, allowing for the estimation of the age of rocks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The law of succession states that fossils of extinct species are found in the same region as similar living species, indicating a common ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental stressors are the driving force behind adaptation, forcing populations to change or face extinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interaction between individuals of two different species in physical contact.

A type of symbiosis where one organism lives inside another organism.

Proposes mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria living inside eukaryotes.

Observations supporting the endosymbiosis theory include sizes, replication, and gene similarities.

Diagram showing all species descended from a common ancestor, like a family tree.

The principle that the simplest explanation is preferred in complex situations.

A hierarchical system for classifying organisms using genus and species names.

Hierarchy of classification: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

The highest taxonomic rank that includes Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Groups within each domain, such as plants and animals, based on shared characteristics.

Linnaeus's early classification system consisting of only plants and animals.

A classification system that includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on phylogenetic relationships.

Cells that lack a true nucleus, usually unicellular.

Cells with a true nucleus, can be unicellular or multicellular.

A molecule used to analyze evolutionary relationships among organisms.

A diagram that illustrates evolutionary relationships based on genetic data.

Traces of organisms from the past found in the fossil record.

A system that categorizes Earth's history based on geological events and fossils.

The disappearance of species, indicating that species can change over time.

Significant reduction in population size leading to decreased genetic diversity due to events like disease or disasters.

Fossils that show intermediate traits between ancestral and modern species.

Functionless structures in organisms that resemble functioning structures in related species.

Movement of alleles between populations resulting from migration and reproduction, influencing genetic diversity.

The evolutionary history of a species or group, depicted in a phylogenetic tree.

Random change in allele frequencies in a small population due to chance events, often leading to loss of genetic diversity.

Similar morphological traits in different species due to shared ancestry.

Change in DNA sequence creating new alleles; it is a source of genetic diversity, though mostly it leads to deleterious effects.

Condition where heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness than homozygous individuals, often due to diverse alleles.

Similarities in the embryonic development of different species.

Early complex multicellular organisms found in rocks dated 544–565 Ma.

Fossil assemblages with nearly all major animal groups from the Cambrian period.

Fossils dated 570–580 Ma including sponges and early animal embryos.

The process by which new species arise due to genetic isolation and divergence.

When populations are separated and cannot exchange genes.

When different populations prevent interbreeding, leading to speciation.

Physical traits that can help distinguish one species from another.

Groups of organisms that do not exchange genes and evolve separately.

The process where individuals with favorable traits reproduce better, affecting population genetics.

Natural selection acts on individuals, but evolutionary change is seen at the population level.

Acclimation is individual response to environmental changes; adaptation is population change due to selection.

Four main mechanisms of evolution: natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation.

Differences in DNA among individuals in a population, maintained by natural selection.

A type of natural selection that increases the frequency of one allele, reducing genetic diversity.

Stabilizing supports intermediate traits; disruptive favors extreme traits, rejecting intermediates.