Biology Quiz: Koch's Postulates and Classification

<p>He established the scientific method of Microbiology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbe is grown in pure culture without other microbes present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were derived from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple common ancestors (polyphyletic ancestry). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their distinct 16S rRNA sequence compared to bacteria and eukaryotes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robert Whittaker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ernst Haeckel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a widely used working definition to distinguish microbial species based on genetic similarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbial species often share common features, making clear distinctions difficult. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The resolution of the light microscope was too low. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diversity of microbial life forms was overwhelming. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid reproduction rates of microbes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes have played a crucial role in shaping ecosystems and human evolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vast diversity of microbial life forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advances in biochemistry and microscopy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It challenged the conventional understanding of life's limits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enabled the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which revolutionized the amplification of DNA sequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She produced high-quality X-ray diffraction images of DNA, providing critical data used by Watson and Crick in their model building. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR-Cas9 acts as a defense mechanism against invading bacteriophages, providing immunity to bacterial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plantae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the precise editing of eukaryotic genomes, opening up possibilities for treating genetic diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are known to cause diseases in plants, but not animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His findings highlighted the importance of sanitation and hygiene in controlling infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He observed that bacteria could be killed by a substance produced by a specific type of mold. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The research on TMV confirmed the existence of filterable agents, which could not be classified as bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wendell Stanley (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>millimeter (mm) to 0.2 micrometer (µm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They caused significant mortality rates, affecting demographics and practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the first compound microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Louis Pasteur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>giant microbial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A genome is sequenced from a single organism, a metagenome is sequenced from an entire environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He proved that maggots in decaying meat were not spontaneously generated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diseases are caused by bad air or 'miasma' from decaying matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in religious conversions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased population density and global travel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increasing use of microbes in bio-technology and industry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor battlefield sanitation and hygiene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He developed the first compound microscope and built a 'polar area chart' for representing deaths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of Yeast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was the first to identify microbes responsible for fermentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Florence Nightingale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Substances used to reduce infections by killing or inhibiting microbes.

1847 initiative by Ignaz Semmelweis that reduced postpartum infection rates.

The first commercial antibiotic discovered from Penicillium mold, purified by Florey and Chain in 1941.

The first virus discovered, studied by Ivanovsky in 1892 and crystallized by Stanley in 1935.

A surgical practice environment completely free from microbes, developed in the 20th century.

German physician and bacteriologist, founder of microbiology's scientific method.

The theory stating that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

The process of transmission of a disease through a series of steps.

Set of criteria to establish a causative link between a microbe and a disease.

Method to grow a single type of microbe without contamination from others.

Bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacteroides that live in the colon.

Microorganisms that thrive at extremely high temperatures, often found near hydrothermal vents.

A specific type of archaeon known for surviving high temperatures, often used in research.

A robotic rover designed to explore Mars for signs of microbial life.

The study of the relationships between microbes and their environment.

Difficulties early taxonomists faced when classifying microbes due to their diversity.

A Swedish botanist known for formalizing the system of naming organisms, called taxonomy.

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two close objects; crucial for classifying microbes.

The pattern obtained from X-ray analysis that reveals the structure of DNA.

The pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

A revolutionary genome editing technology derived from a bacterial defense mechanism against viruses.

A heat-stable enzyme used in PCR to amplify DNA strands.

DNA molecule created by combining DNA from different sources, allowing gene transfer between organisms.

Working definition based on 95% DNA similarity.

Includes Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes; a diverse life form.

Robert Whittaker added Fungi to the five kingdom classification.

Proposes eukaryotic organelles evolved from engulfed prokaryotes.

Concept that species can arise from multiple ancestors.

Identified archaea as a distinct form of prokaryotic life in 1977.

Technique used by Woese to categorize archaea and establish phylogenetics.

Originally classified all prokaryotes, later divided into two groups by Copeland.

A microscopic organism not visible to the naked eye.

Microbial cells range from millimeters to 0.2 micrometers, with viruses being smaller.

Microbes have the capability to reproduce their own kind through their genome.

Microbes exist in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Some microbes, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are much larger than typical microbes.

The collection of genetic sequences taken directly from the environment.

The first complete genome of a cellular microbe, Haemophilus influenzae, was sequenced in 1995.

Microbes have influenced human culture, used in food production like bread and beer.

Diseases like the bubonic plague and Spanish flu affected human demographics significantly.

Recognized the impact of disease on soldiers during the Crimean War, founder of nursing.

An outdated theory that organisms arise spontaneously without a parent.

Showed that maggots on meat are from fly eggs, disapproving spontaneous generation.

Discovered fermentation, created pasteurization, and performed the swan-neck flask experiment.

An early belief that diseases were caused by bad air or 'miasma.'