Biology Quiz: Koch's Postulates and Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in Koch's postulates?

  • Microbe is present in diseased host and healthy host. (correct)
  • Microbe is grown in pure culture without other microbes present.
  • Microbe is always present in diseased host and absent in healthy.
  • Introduce pure microbe into healthy host and the individual becomes sick.

What is the main principle of epidemiology that Robert Koch demonstrated while working with anthrax?

  • The existence of microbes.
  • The Germ Theory of Disease
  • Chain of Infection (correct)
  • Scientific Method of Microbiology

What does the Germ Theory postulate?

  • Microbes are the cause of all diseases.
  • Microbes are not the cause of diseases.
  • Microbes are the cause of a specific type of diseases.
  • Microbes are the cause of many diseases. (correct)

What was Robert Koch's primary contribution to the scientific field?

<p>He established the scientific method of Microbiology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Koch's postulates deals with the isolation and growth of a suspected microbe?

<p>Microbe is grown in pure culture without other microbes present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed origin of eukaryotic organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, according to the endosymbiosis theory?

<p>They were derived from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endosymbiosis theory challenged the traditional view of species evolution by suggesting that some species arose from:

<p>Multiple common ancestors (polyphyletic ancestry). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary feature of archaea led to their classification as a separate domain of life?

<p>Their distinct 16S rRNA sequence compared to bacteria and eukaryotes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with proposing the five-kingdom system of classification, which included Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, and Prokaryotes?

<p>Robert Whittaker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientists proposed the concept of "Monera" as a third kingdom of life, distinct from plants and animals?

<p>Ernst Haeckel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 95% similarity of DNA sequence criterion in defining microbial species?

<p>It is a widely used working definition to distinguish microbial species based on genetic similarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to define microbial species?

<p>Microbial species often share common features, making clear distinctions difficult. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of prokaryotes, according to the provided content?

<p>They are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major challenge that early taxonomists faced when attempting to classify microbes?

<p>The resolution of the light microscope was too low. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Carolus Linnaeus consider the microbial world "chaos"?

<p>The diversity of microbial life forms was overwhelming. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major challenge that early taxonomists faced when classifying microbes?

<p>Rapid reproduction rates of microbes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of microbes on human history?

<p>Microbes have played a crucial role in shaping ecosystems and human evolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the classification of microbial species was challenging in the 19th century?

<p>The vast diversity of microbial life forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following advances helped overcome the challenge of limited resolution in light microscopy?

<p>Advances in biochemistry and microscopy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the discovery of "Strain 121" (Geogemma) by Kazem Kashefi?

<p>It challenged the conventional understanding of life's limits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of discovering a heat-stable bacterial DNA polymerase (Taq) in the field of molecular biology?

<p>It enabled the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which revolutionized the amplification of DNA sequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of Rosalind Franklin to the discovery of DNA's structure?

<p>She produced high-quality X-ray diffraction images of DNA, providing critical data used by Watson and Crick in their model building. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of CRISPR-Cas9 in bacteria?

<p>CRISPR-Cas9 acts as a defense mechanism against invading bacteriophages, providing immunity to bacterial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of microbes?

<p>Plantae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 revolutionized eukaryotic genetics?

<p>CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the precise editing of eukaryotic genomes, opening up possibilities for treating genetic diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses, as described in the content?

<p>They are known to cause diseases in plants, but not animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Ignaz Semmelweis's findings in the context of the development of antiseptic practices?

<p>His findings highlighted the importance of sanitation and hygiene in controlling infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key discovery by Alexander Fleming that led to the development of antibiotics?

<p>He observed that bacteria could be killed by a substance produced by a specific type of mold. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) contribute to the understanding of viruses?

<p>The research on TMV confirmed the existence of filterable agents, which could not be classified as bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is NOT directly associated with the discovery or development of antiseptics or antibiotics?

<p>Wendell Stanley (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a microbe's approximate size range?

<p>millimeter (mm) to 0.2 micrometer (µm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason microbial diseases have been so impactful on human history?

<p>They caused significant mortality rates, affecting demographics and practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With what invention was the first complete viral genome sequenced?

<p>the first compound microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals discovered the microbial basis of fermentation?

<p>Louis Pasteur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to observe single-celled microbes?

<p>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following challenges the definition of a microbe?

<p>giant microbial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a genome and a metagenome?

<p>A genome is sequenced from a single organism, a metagenome is sequenced from an entire environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main contribution of Francesco Redi to the understanding of microbes?

<p>He proved that maggots in decaying meat were not spontaneously generated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the 'Miasma Theory' of disease?

<p>Diseases are caused by bad air or 'miasma' from decaying matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the plague epidemics in the 6th and 14th centuries?

<p>A decrease in religious conversions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the rise in microbial disease outbreaks in the current day?

<p>Increased population density and global travel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the increased importance of microbiology in the 21st century?

<p>The increasing use of microbes in bio-technology and industry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that more soldiers during the Crimean War died of microbial infections than wounds in battle?

<p>Poor battlefield sanitation and hygiene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contribution of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek to the field of microbiology?

<p>He developed the first compound microscope and built a 'polar area chart' for representing deaths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes has been used in the production of beer since 10,000 BCE?

<p>A type of Yeast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main contribution of Louis Pasteur to our understanding of microbes?

<p>He was the first to identify microbes responsible for fermentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to recognize the significance of disease in warfare?

<p>Florence Nightingale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antiseptics

Substances used to reduce infections by killing or inhibiting microbes.

Semmelweis' Handwashing

1847 initiative by Ignaz Semmelweis that reduced postpartum infection rates.

Penicillin

The first commercial antibiotic discovered from Penicillium mold, purified by Florey and Chain in 1941.

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

The first virus discovered, studied by Ivanovsky in 1892 and crystallized by Stanley in 1935.

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Aseptic Surgery

A surgical practice environment completely free from microbes, developed in the 20th century.

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Robert Koch

German physician and bacteriologist, founder of microbiology's scientific method.

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Germ Theory

The theory stating that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

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Chain of Infection

The process of transmission of a disease through a series of steps.

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Koch's Postulates

Set of criteria to establish a causative link between a microbe and a disease.

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Pure Culture Technique

Method to grow a single type of microbe without contamination from others.

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Colonic Bacteria

Bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacteroides that live in the colon.

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Extreme Thermophile

Microorganisms that thrive at extremely high temperatures, often found near hydrothermal vents.

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Geogemma barossii

A specific type of archaeon known for surviving high temperatures, often used in research.

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Mars Curiosity Rover

A robotic rover designed to explore Mars for signs of microbial life.

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Microbial Ecology

The study of the relationships between microbes and their environment.

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Microbial Classification Challenge

Difficulties early taxonomists faced when classifying microbes due to their diversity.

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Carolus Linnaeus

A Swedish botanist known for formalizing the system of naming organisms, called taxonomy.

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Resolution of Light Microscope

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two close objects; crucial for classifying microbes.

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X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA

The pattern obtained from X-ray analysis that reveals the structure of DNA.

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Complementary base pairing

The pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

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CRISPR-Cas9

A revolutionary genome editing technology derived from a bacterial defense mechanism against viruses.

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Taq polymerase

A heat-stable enzyme used in PCR to amplify DNA strands.

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Recombinant DNA

DNA molecule created by combining DNA from different sources, allowing gene transfer between organisms.

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Microbial Species Definition

Working definition based on 95% DNA similarity.

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Microbes Classification

Includes Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes; a diverse life form.

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Fifth Kingdom Addition

Robert Whittaker added Fungi to the five kingdom classification.

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Endosymbiosis Theory

Proposes eukaryotic organelles evolved from engulfed prokaryotes.

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Polyphyletic Ancestry

Concept that species can arise from multiple ancestors.

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Carl Woese's Discovery

Identified archaea as a distinct form of prokaryotic life in 1977.

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16S rRNA Analysis

Technique used by Woese to categorize archaea and establish phylogenetics.

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Kingdom Monera

Originally classified all prokaryotes, later divided into two groups by Copeland.

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Microbe

A microscopic organism not visible to the naked eye.

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Size of Microbes

Microbial cells range from millimeters to 0.2 micrometers, with viruses being smaller.

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Microbial Reproduction

Microbes have the capability to reproduce their own kind through their genome.

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Types of Microbes

Microbes exist in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

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Giant Microbes

Some microbes, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are much larger than typical microbes.

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Metagenome

The collection of genetic sequences taken directly from the environment.

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First Microbial Genome Sequence

The first complete genome of a cellular microbe, Haemophilus influenzae, was sequenced in 1995.

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Microbes in History

Microbes have influenced human culture, used in food production like bread and beer.

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Microbial Diseases

Diseases like the bubonic plague and Spanish flu affected human demographics significantly.

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Florence Nightingale

Recognized the impact of disease on soldiers during the Crimean War, founder of nursing.

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Spontaneous Generation

An outdated theory that organisms arise spontaneously without a parent.

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Francesco Redi

Showed that maggots on meat are from fly eggs, disapproving spontaneous generation.

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Louis Pasteur

Discovered fermentation, created pasteurization, and performed the swan-neck flask experiment.

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Miasma Theory

An early belief that diseases were caused by bad air or 'miasma.'

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Textbook: Microbiology: An Evolving Science, by Joan L. Slonczewski, John W. Foster, and Erik R. Zinser, 6th edition, 2020, W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-1324-033523
  • Course Materials: Lectures and course materials will be posted on Canvas.
  • Updates and Announcements: Course updates and announcements will also be posted on Canvas.

Instructors

  • Dr. Maksym Bobrovskyy: Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biosciences, ISA6209, Monday 3:30 PM - 4:30 PM, [email protected]
  • Dr. Fatema Moni Chowdhury: Assistant Professor of Instruction, Department of Molecular Biosciences, ISA1051, Thursday 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM, [email protected]
  • Mr. Amiratabak Rajaei (TA): Graduate Student, Department of Molecular Biosciences, BSF 221, Friday 8:00 AM - 9:00 AM, [email protected]

Bobrovskyy Lab Staff

  • Richard Agyen
  • Koushik Majumder
  • Isabelle Powell
  • Alberta Bossi
  • Beatriz Araujo

Course Structure

  • Modules: Cell structure and function, Genetics, Microbial growth and control, Infectious diseases
  • Exams: 4 exams (75%), in-person, lowest score can be dropped
  • Quizzes: 4 quizzes (10%), online, due on Friday prior to the exam
  • Assignments: 4 assignments (7.5%), completed at home, submitted on Canvas
  • Participation: 7.5%, concept check questions completed during lecture only on Canvas

Communication

  • Questions/Help: Use Canvas for communications, post to Q&A Discussion Forum on Canvas, or contact Mr. Rajaei (expected response time is 5 business days).
  • Office Hours: Dr. Bobrovskyy, Monday 3:30 PM - 4:30 PM, ISA6209
  • Scheduling Meetings Outside Office Hours: Contact Dr. Bobrovskyy to schedule meetings via MS Teams or another time.

Lecture 1

  • Topic: Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Overview (Page 6)

  • 1.1 What is a Microbe?
  • 1.2 Impact of Microbes on Human History
  • 1.3 Origins of Medical Microbiology
  • 1.4 Microbial Ecology and Environment
  • 1.5 The Microbial Family Tree
  • 1.6 Cell Biology and the Amazing DNA Revolution

What is a Microbe? (Page 7)

  • Microbes are microscopic organisms, not visible with the naked eye.
  • Microbial cells range in size from millimeters to 0.2 micrometers.
  • Viruses may be 10 times smaller than microbes.
  • Some microbes are single cells; others consist of many cells.
  • All microbes have the capacity to reproduce their own kind within their genome.

Incredible Numbers of Microbes (Page 8)

  • Estimated 1012 species of microbes; only 0.1-1% identified
  • Estimated 1030 individual bacteria on Earth
  • Estimated 1031 individual viruses on Earth

Microbes in all Domains of Life (Page 9)

  • Microbes belong to three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • These domains have a common ancestor.
  • Eukaryotes include algae, plants, fungi, and animals.

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