Biology Chapter on Biomolecules and Transcription

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What property of water molecules contributes to surface tension?

Hydrogen bonding among water molecules (correct)

The presence of more hydrogen than oxygen

Their nonpolar character

Their high molecular weight

Which statement accurately describes lipids?

They are polymers made up of repeated monomers like glucose.

They are primarily hydrophilic and soluble in water.

They are defined by their ability to form hydrogen bonds.

They contain both polar and nonpolar regions. (correct)

What is a unique characteristic of carbon that allows it to form various organic molecules?

It can form up to six covalent bonds.

It can create simple ionic bonds.

It can form multiple bonds with a single atom.

It can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. (correct)

What are the primary building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common feature of nucleic acids?

They store genetic information through sequences of nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about primary transcripts is accurate?

Primary transcripts in prokaryotes are translated while concurrently being transcribed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of base stacking interactions in DNA stability?

They allow nonpolar base pairs to exclude water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding nucleotide composition is correct?

RNA contains equal proportions of guanine and cytosine nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, which process is essential for converting primary transcripts into mature mRNA?

Polyadenylation adding a 3' tail. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sigma factors in prokaryotic transcription?

To promote RNA polymerase binding to specific promoters Signup and view all the answers

What do introns in primary transcripts indicate about gene structure in eukaryotes?

They must be spliced out before translation to form mature mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

During the elongation phase of prokaryotic transcription, which of the following actions does RNA polymerase perform?

It restores the DNA double helix structure Signup and view all the answers

In prokaryotes, what is a major difference between primary transcripts and eukaryotic mRNA?

Primary transcripts can encode information for multiple genes Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells?

In the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the RNA/DNA duplex during elongation in transcription?

It forms a transient structure that is later reformed into double-stranded DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enhancer sequences in the transcription process?

They bind to transcription factors to enhance transcription. Signup and view all the answers

What direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA template strand during elongation?

3' to 5' Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes?

General transcription factors Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the primary transcript during RNA processing?

Intron removal and addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the recruitment of RNA polymerase II at the promoter region?

Enhancer complexes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is involved in the termination of transcription in eukaryotes?

Cleavage at a termination sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the poly-A tail added during RNA processing?

To protect the RNA from degradation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle that explains the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?

Central Dogma Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of transcription does the transcription bubble form?

Initiation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of RNA is responsible for linking the mRNA code to amino acids during translation?

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. Signup and view all the answers

During which process is genetic information specifically copied from DNA to RNA?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

What role does RNA play in gene expression?

It acts as an intermediary between DNA and protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the structure of RNA is true?

It has a smaller size compared to DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide during translation?

The mRNA sequence generated during transcription. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of gene expression?

Transcriptional Control Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein primarily defined by?

The sequence of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of R group interaction contributes most to the tertiary structure of a protein?

Hydrophobic interactions among nonpolar R groups Signup and view all the answers

In which type of secondary structure do hydrogen bonds stabilize a pleated formation?

Beta sheet Signup and view all the answers

What role does proline play in protein structure?

It restricts protein folding due to its cyclic structure. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hydrophilic amino acids from hydrophobic ones?

Hydrophilic amino acids have charged R groups, while hydrophobic ones do not. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects adjacent amino acids in a protein?

Peptide bond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is notable for its ability to form disulfide bridges?

Cysteine Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of peptide bonds limits their rotational flexibility?

Their covalent nature Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes hydrogen bonds in water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds can form between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and an oxygen atom of another. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates sodium and magnesium?

They possess different atomic masses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines isomers?

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures. Signup and view all the answers

What components make up an amino acid?

A carboxyl group, an R group, an alpha carbon, and an amino group. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the secondary and tertiary structures of a protein?

The primary structure of the protein Signup and view all the answers

How does electronegativity influence an atom's behavior?

Atoms with high electronegativity are likely to attract electrons rather than lose them. Signup and view all the answers

What effect would weaker hydrogen bonds have on plant height?

Plants would be shorter due to impeded water movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

To carry amino acids to ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ribosomes?

Bound by membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about organic molecules is accurate?

Organic molecules can be classified based on physical properties. Signup and view all the answers

What interactions enable some insects to travel across water?

Surface tension is enhanced by the cohesive behavior of water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the process of transcription?

It creates a single-stranded copy of RNA from DNA. Signup and view all the answers

How can protein denaturation be reversed?

Through the action of protein chaperones Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anticodon sequence in tRNA?

To ensure specificity in mRNA translation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic feature of the primary structure of a protein?

It is the sequence of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of high temperatures on protein structure?

It may lead to protein denaturation. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the translation process in protein synthesis?

The small ribosomal subunit binding to mRNA and initiator tRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence accurately describes the stages of translation?

Initiation, Elongation, Termination Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the elongation stage of translation?

tRNA carrying amino acids enters the A site and peptide bonds form Signup and view all the answers

What role do release factors play in protein synthesis?

They bind to the A site when a stop codon is reached to trigger termination Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of post-translational modifications?

They are processes that occur after protein synthesis, like folding and chemical adjustments Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the elongation phase of translation?

Energy from GTP Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ribosome during translation?

To bind amino acids and facilitate peptide bond formation Signup and view all the answers

During which process is information in DNA translated into a sequence of amino acids?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What role does the start codon (AUG) play in the translation process?

It serves as the signal for the initiation of translation. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of translation does the tRNA first bind to the A-site of the ribosome?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'wobble' in genetic coding?

It allows the third base in a codon to pair flexibly, contributing to redundancy. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately after the ribosome encounters a stop codon?

A release factor binds, releasing the polypeptide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of initiation factors in the initiation phase of translation?

They bind to the 5' cap of mRNA and recruit ribosomal subunits. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about stop codons is true?

They signal the ribosome to terminate translation. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the degeneracy of the genetic code?

Multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ribosome is responsible for catalyzing peptide bond formation?

Large ribosomal subunit proteins Signup and view all the answers