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Questions and Answers
Nucleotides in DNA are identical except for their base.
Nucleotides in DNA are identical except for their base.
True
RNA is double stranded and contains thymine as one of its bases.
RNA is double stranded and contains thymine as one of its bases.
False
DNA bases pair with each other in the same way, with adenine pairing with guanine.
DNA bases pair with each other in the same way, with adenine pairing with guanine.
False
The course consists of three major parts: Molecular biology, Genetics, and Cell Biology.
The course consists of three major parts: Molecular biology, Genetics, and Cell Biology.
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Ribose is the sugar component found in RNA.
Ribose is the sugar component found in RNA.
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Molecular medicine refers to the use of molecular biology in the field of medicine.
Molecular medicine refers to the use of molecular biology in the field of medicine.
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DNA is less stable than RNA due to its structural composition.
DNA is less stable than RNA due to its structural composition.
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Nucleotides bond together to form a single strand of DNA.
Nucleotides bond together to form a single strand of DNA.
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Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are not considered biomolecules in molecular biology.
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are not considered biomolecules in molecular biology.
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RNA strands are built from the 3 prime end to the 5 prime end.
RNA strands are built from the 3 prime end to the 5 prime end.
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Course - Lecture 1
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Subject matter is divided into three major parts: Molecular Biology, Conventional/Mendelian Genetics, and Non-Mendelian genetics and cytogenetics
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Molecular Biology: A branch of biology to comprehend biological activity inside and between cells, encompassing bio-molecular synthesis, modification, and interactions. It studies the structure and function of molecules and macromolecular systems in biological processes, focusing on inheritance and protein synthesis
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Molecular Biology includes compositions, interaction, structure and function of biomolecules like amino acids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. It also aims to better understand genetic diversity, genetic evolution, and new organisms.
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Molecular Biology supports interactions like gene therapy, vaccine manufacturing, and drug discovery
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Gene therapy is a clinical research and medical therapy arising from molecular biology.
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Molecular medicine is now referred to as the use of molecular and molecular cell biology in medicine.
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Molecular medicine is valuable in addressing various problems affecting overall human health including disease prevention, treatment, and protein product creation
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Molecular biology techniques facilitate efficient drug targeting and disease diagnosis, aiding in discovering new causal agents. It also improves understanding of human cell physiology.
Nucleotide and Nucleoside
- Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides and include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
- A nucleotide comprises a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a base.
- A nucleoside consists of a sugar and a base; no phosphate group is present
Basic Units of Nucleic Acids (Nucleotides)
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Deoxyribose, phosphate, and a base combine to form a nucleotide.
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Nucleotides are structural components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Purines and Pyrimidines
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Purines are double-ringed structures. Examples include Adenine and Guanine.
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Pyrimidines are single-ringed structures. Examples include Thymine, Cytosine (in DNA), and Uracil (in RNA).
Nucleotides Bonding Between Strands
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Adenine pairs with Thymine with two hydrogen bonds
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Cytosine pairs with Guanine with three hydrogen bonds
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Thymine is replaced by Uracil in RNA.
Structure of DNA
- DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides.
- Each nucleotide is made up of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
- Nucleotides differ only based on the bases.
- Strands are twisted into a double helix structure.
- Opposite strands run antiparallel.
- Strands fit tightly together due to antiparallel structure
Structure of RNA
- RNA is a single stranded molecule composed of nucleotides
- Includes ribose sugar, nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine), and phosphate group.
Differences between DNA and RNA
- DNA is double-stranded; RNA is usually single-stranded
- DNA sugar is deoxyribose; RNA sugar is ribose
- DNA bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine; RNA bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
- DNA is long; RNA is short
- DNA is self-replicating; RNA is synthesized from DNA as needed.
DNA vs. RNA Reactivity.
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DNA is generally stable with C-H bonds, and enzymes actively destroy enzymes that break or modify DNA molecules
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RNA is more reactive than DNA due to the presence of O-H bonds
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RNA is easily affected by alkaline conditions; DNA is not.
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RNA is frequently synthesized and broken down as needed for cellular activity
Functions of DNA, RNA and proteins
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DNA provides the genetic code for cells
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RNA translates the genetic code into proteins to carry out cellular functions
Definitions
- Codon: A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that codes for a particular amino acid.
- Start codons and stop codons are specific codons signaling the start and end of translation, respectively.
Transcription and Translation
- Transcription and translation allow cells to create proteins that are essential for bodily functions from stored information within DNA.
Chromatin and Amino Acids
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Chromatid: A single strand of replicated DNA, one half of a duplicated chromosome
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Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins
Essential Amino Acids
- Nine amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) are essential; human bodies cannot produce them
DNA Sequencing
- DNA sequencing is a laboratory technique.
- Used to determine the precise nucleotide order in DNA (A, C, G, and T).
- Sanger sequencing, also known as the chain termination method, is a technique used to determine the nucleotide sequence.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of Molecular Biology in this quiz, which delves into key concepts such as biomolecule structures and their functions. Engage with core topics including genetics, gene therapy, and molecular interactions. This first lecture sets the foundation for understanding biological processes at the molecular level.
