Biology Chapter: Mitosis and Cell Life

Living organisms are made of cells, require energy (food), reproduce, maintain homeostasis, are organized, respond to their environment, grow and develop, and exchange materials with their surroundings (water, wastes, gases).

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the idea of 'survival of the fittest.' He argued that organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits on to their offspring. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common within a population, leading to evolutionary change.

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. It's used for growth and repair. Meiosis, on the other hand, produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It's involved in sexual reproduction, ensuring genetic diversity.

<p>The mitochondria is the primary site of energy production within eukaryotic cells. It's responsible for cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's energy currency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all the functions of life, such as metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In prophase, the chromosomes are condensing, while in metaphase, they are lined up at the equator of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear envelope breaks down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spindle apparatus, composed of microtubules, is responsible for separating the sister chromatids during anaphase, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The separation of sister chromatids during anaphase ensures each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In telophase, the chromosomes uncoil and appear more relaxed. A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA strands thicken into chromosomes and then duplicate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This occurs during early anaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis results in haploid gametes that are genetically different due to crossing-over.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell membrane completes contraction, forming two new cells, and the nuclear membrane reassembles around chromatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spindle fibers align the double chromosomes at the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus directs various bodily functions by influencing the action of the medulla oblongata and regulating the autonomic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major portions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream that affect various target tissues, regulating metabolism and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary motor functions of internal organs through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback is a control system that reverses a physiological measurement to return to its normal set point after a deviation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones adjust muscle metabolism to affect energy production and growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sex hormones govern reproduction and influence the development of sebaceous and mammary glands, as well as dermal blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones regulate heart rate and blood pressure in the cardiovascular system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down food, bacteria, and worn-out cell parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes digest the food taken in by phagocytosis and help eliminate waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vacuoles in plant cells act as fluid-filled storage sacks, primarily storing cell sap, which includes sugars, minerals, and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thylakoids are interconnected sacs within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment essential for cellular function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main components are the sensor, afferent pathway, integration center, efferent pathway, and effector organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are involved in maintaining homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are responsible for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kingdom Monera is characterized by prokaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monera lacks a nuclear membrane while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia all have a present nuclear membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts are present in the plant kingdom for photosynthesis, but absent in fungi and animals, which obtain energy differently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria are absent in Monera and present in Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory that all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life.

Living organisms are made of cells, require energy, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, and interact with their environment.

The process by which organisms develop from earlier forms through heritable changes over generations.

The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various cell types for growth, development, and repair.

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria.

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants and animals.

The area in prokaryotic cells where DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.

The kingdom that includes prokaryotic organisms, primarily bacteria, which lack a nucleus.

A diverse kingdom primarily consisting of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

Eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and absorb nutrients, such as mushrooms.

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that perform photosynthesis, like trees and flowers.

Systems outside the organism that help maintain internal balance.

A system that controls and regulates body functions to maintain homeostasis via nerve impulses.

A brain region that regulates homeostasis by influencing other brain parts and glands.

Part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including spinal nerves.

A division of the peripheral nervous system regulating involuntary body functions.

A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions.

A control mechanism that counteracts a deviation from a set point to maintain homeostasis.

Chemical messengers secreted by glands to regulate various body functions.

Cell organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down food, bacteria, and worn-out parts.

Programmed cell death where lysosomes break open to recycle cellular components.

Fluid-filled sacs used for storage in cells, larger in plant cells.

A large vacuole in plant cells that stores cell sap and nutrients.

Organelles in producers that use sunlight to synthesize food (glucose) through photosynthesis.

Modified inner membranes of chloroplasts organized into stacks called grana.

The gel-like fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs.

Elements involved in maintaining internal stability: sensor, afferent pathway, integration center, efferent pathway, and effector organs.

The phase between two cell divisions where DNA strands thicken into chromosomes before mitosis begins.

The phase where centrioles divide, and the nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate, allowing spindle fibers to form.

All chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, with centromeres attached to spindle fibers, and the nuclear membrane fully disappears.

During anaphase, centromeres split and chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell as it prepares to divide.

A type of cell division occurring in sex cells that produces four genetically different haploid gametes through reduction division.

Stage of mitosis where new nuclear envelopes form and chromosomes unwind.

Identical copies of a duplicated chromosome, connected by a centromere.

Structure made of microtubules that helps separate sister chromatids during mitosis.

Cells produced by mitosis that are genetically identical to the parent cell.