Biology Chapter: Macromolecules and Reactions

False (B)

dehydration reaction

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates = Energy storage and structural support Lipids = Energy storage and membrane formation Proteins = Performing cellular functions Nucleic acids = Information storage and short-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linear chain or ring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above the plane of the ring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>condensation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α = OH group below the plane of the ring β = OH group above the plane of the ring Condensation reaction = Reaction that releases water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The linkage types between glucose molecules differ in starch and cellulose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α linkages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hydrocarbon chains with polar COOH at one end</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>amphipathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-hexosaminidase A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of energy in a system is constant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triglyceride = Energy storage in animal cells Phospholipid = Amphipathic molecule forming cell membranes Amino acid = Building block of proteins GM2 Ganglioside = Involved in cell-cell communication and neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reaction that will occur without a net addition of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>entropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1st Law = Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed 2nd Law = Processes increase disorder (entropy) and decrease usable energy Spontaneous Reaction = Occurs without net addition of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspartic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenosine triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspartic acid = Acidic Glutamic acid = Acidic Histidine = Basic Lysine = Basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniform chemical structure with side group variability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Order in a universe tending to greater disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>half</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids = Building blocks of proteins Nucleotides = Building blocks of nucleic acids ATP = Short-term energy carrier DNA = Genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Small subunit molecules that link to form polymers.

Large molecules made from linked monomers.

Molecules made of sugar monomers for energy and support.

Fatty acids linked to glycerol, used for energy storage.

Composed of amino acids, they perform most cellular functions.

Polymers of nucleotides used for information storage.

Reactions that link monomers to form polymers, releasing water.

Different orientations of OH groups on sugar carbons; β is up, α is down.

The bond formed between two sugar molecules during a condensation reaction.

Large carbohydrate molecules formed by multiple sugar units linking together.

Starch is digestible energy storage; cellulose is non-digestible structural support.

Different combinations of two glucose units; 11 ways to link them.

The locations of OH groups on a sugar determine its properties and bonds.

Carbohydrates with branching structures formed by multiple glycosidic linkages.

Energy storage molecules, like starch, are digestible; structural ones, like cellulose, are not.

We can digest starch but not cellulose due to enzyme specificity.

Fats that store energy in animals, composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

Molecules having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

Lipids similar to phospholipids with a carbohydrate head group, important for communication.

A type of ganglioside involved in cell communication and plasticity.

Genetic disorder caused by GM2 accumulation due to a mutation in an enzyme.

An enzyme that metabolizes GM2; its mutation causes Tay-Sachs disease.

Building blocks of proteins with a uniform structure and variable side groups.

Amino acids have directionality from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus.

Energy in a closed system is constant; it cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

All processes increase disorder (entropy); usable energy decreases over time.

A reaction that occurs without a net addition of energy.

Reactions that decrease available energy and occur spontaneously.

Cells are not isolated; they exchange energy with their environment to maintain order.

Amino acids that can gain or lose protons at physiological pH.

Amino acids that donate protons, increasing acidity; examples include aspartate and glutamate.

Amino acids that accept protons, making them positively charged; includes histidine, lysine, arginine.

The pH at which half of an ionizable substance's molecules are charged.

Building blocks of nucleic acids, involved in energy transfer and signaling.

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells.

Nucleotides have a uniform structure but vary in their nitrogenous base.

Nucleotides are polar molecules that have charged areas associated with their structure.

Living organisms maintain order, counteracting the tendency toward disorder in nature.

Proteins perform most cellular functions, influenced by their amino acid sequences.