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Questions and Answers
Which functional group is most likely to participate in a reaction with another molecule?
Which functional group is most likely to participate in a reaction with another molecule?
A carboxyl group can behave as an acid because it can:
A carboxyl group can behave as an acid because it can:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a functional group?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a functional group?
What type of molecules are composed of building blocks containing amino and carboxyl groups?
What type of molecules are composed of building blocks containing amino and carboxyl groups?
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Which of the following molecules are most accurately described as very polar?
Which of the following molecules are most accurately described as very polar?
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Which of the following would be directly involved in dehydration synthesis?
Which of the following would be directly involved in dehydration synthesis?
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Which of the following is NOT true about the non-polar hydrocarbon portions of biological molecules?
Which of the following is NOT true about the non-polar hydrocarbon portions of biological molecules?
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What is considered the building block of nucleic acids?
What is considered the building block of nucleic acids?
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What is a primary structural characteristic of polysaccharides?
What is a primary structural characteristic of polysaccharides?
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What is the main function of polysaccharides in living organisms?
What is the main function of polysaccharides in living organisms?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a polysaccharide?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a polysaccharide?
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What key process occurs during dehydration synthesis?
What key process occurs during dehydration synthesis?
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Which process involves the use of water to split large molecules into smaller subunits?
Which process involves the use of water to split large molecules into smaller subunits?
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What is the role of salivary amylase in carbohydrate digestion?
What is the role of salivary amylase in carbohydrate digestion?
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Why do lipids not dissolve in water?
Why do lipids not dissolve in water?
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What is the main function of triglycerides?
What is the main function of triglycerides?
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What is the primary role of carbon in biological macromolecules?
What is the primary role of carbon in biological macromolecules?
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Which characteristic of carbon atoms allows for the vast diversity of organic molecules?
Which characteristic of carbon atoms allows for the vast diversity of organic molecules?
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What type of chemical reaction involves the removal of water to join monomers into polymers?
What type of chemical reaction involves the removal of water to join monomers into polymers?
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What is the main process by which polymers are broken down into monomers?
What is the main process by which polymers are broken down into monomers?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a major type of biological macromolecule?
Which of the following is NOT considered a major type of biological macromolecule?
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If a molecule has polar or ionic qualities how will it interact with other molecules?
If a molecule has polar or ionic qualities how will it interact with other molecules?
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Which statement best defines the role of a functional group in a biological molecule?
Which statement best defines the role of a functional group in a biological molecule?
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Which of the following best represents the dry weight composition of a cell?
Which of the following best represents the dry weight composition of a cell?
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Study Notes
Carbon Chemistry of Life
- Carbon atoms form the backbone of biological molecules
- Carbon can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds.
- Functional groups affect how molecules interact
- Dehydration synthesis removes water to combine subunits
- Hydrolysis uses water to break down larger molecules
Biological Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are major types of biological molecules.
- Carbohydrates are the principle energy source. Monosaccharides are the fundamental elements which bond together to construct larger carbohydrates
- Lipids store energy and form cell membranes
- Proteins are involved in diverse processes, including catalyzing reactions
- Nucleic acids store genetic information
Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
- Disaccharides are formed by combining two monosaccharides through dehydration reactions. (e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose.)
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by many monosaccharides bonded together. (e.g., glycogen, starch, cellulose).
- Hydroxyl functional groups make sugars soluble in water
Lipids
- Lipids are a diverse group that do not dissolve in water
- Triglycerides, a type of lipid, comprise three fatty acids attached to glycerol
- Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, impacting their physical properties
- Phospholipids build cell membranes because they are the fundamental structural component. Phospholipids in a bilayer organize themselves creating a membrane with polar hydrophilic heads that are soluble in water, and a non-polar hydrophobic tails that are insoluble in water.
Proteins
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
- Proteins have diverse functions due to their different sequences and shapes
- Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- Proteins assume 4 different levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary)
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids store genetic information and function in gene expression
- DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, each containing a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double helix.
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) is single-stranded.
- The specific sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acids directs protein synthesis.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
- Enzymes are proteins with an active site that fits a specific substrate
- Enzyme function is highly sensitive to environmental conditions like temperature.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the carbon chemistry of life and the major biological macromolecules. Explore the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. This quiz covers essential concepts for understanding the molecular basis of life.
