Biology Chapter: Immune and Nervous Systems
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Questions and Answers

What type of immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies?

  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Humoral immunity (correct)
  • Innate immunity
  • Specific immunity

    • Which cells are responsible for directly killing abnormal cells, such as cancer cells?

  • T cells (correct)
  • B cells
  • Memory cells
  • Plasma cells

    • What role do memory cells play in the immune response?

  • They remember antigens and help produce antibodies quickly upon re-exposure. (correct)
  • They engulf antigens for destruction.
  • They produce antibodies upon first encounter with an antigen.
  • They initiate the process of inflammation.

    • What is the function of plasma cells in the immune system?

    <p>They produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes an antigen?

    <p>A substance that can provoke an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary non-specific defenses described in the immune response?

    <p>pH levels and physical barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte matures in the thymus gland?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the immune system's memory?

    <p>Every different antigen creates unique memory cells for quick response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of glial cells?

    <p>Support and protect nerve cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do action potentials propagate along the axon of a neuron?

    <p>They propagate from the axon hillock to the axon terminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the depolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>Opening of Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do synaptic vesicles play in synaptic transmission?

    <p>Contain and release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes local anesthesia?

    <p>It blocks Na+ channels, preventing action potential firing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Asymmetrical K+ ion concentration across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the K+ channels opening during an action potential?

    <p>Return to resting membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)?

    <p>Conducts sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the corpus callosum in the brain?

    <p>Connects the two hemispheres for coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily located in the dorsal root ganglion?

    <p>Cell bodies of sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In spinal cord anatomy, what does the grey matter primarily form?

    <p>An H- or butterfly shaped structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a reflex action, which route does motor information primarily take?

    <p>Ventral root to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Interferon in the immune system?

    <p>To activate immune cells and interfere with viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do phagocytes play in the immune response?

    <p>They consume pathogens and dead tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of inflammation in the immune response?

    <p>Chemical messages sent by damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Natural Killer cells contribute to immune surveillance?

    <p>By targeting and destroying abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of fever in the immune response?

    <p>To enhance the activity of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of specific immunity allows the body to remember previously encountered antigens?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity?

    <p>B - lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is an antibody specific to an antigen?

    <p>It matches one type of antigen only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of monocytes in the blood?

    <p>To act as phagocytes and activate lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for the cellular immune response?

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to lymphocytes compared to other white blood cells?

    <p>Presence of a large, dark nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of mast cells in tissues?

    <p>Specific allergens and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about blood groups is accurate?

    <p>A blood type contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of haemostasis, what is the first phase that occurs?

    <p>Vascular spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily responsible for releasing inflammatory mediators?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the ABO blood groups?

    <p>Specific glycoproteins present on the surface of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of trachealis muscle in the trachea?

    <p>To prevent blockages by expanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to air pressure in the lungs during inhalation?

    <p>It decreases due to increased volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the pressure gradient during exhalation?

    <p>Intrapleural cavity &gt; lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

    <p>They destroy particulates and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the normal respiration rate in a healthy adult?

    <p>12-20 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily contributes to inhalation?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement is used to calculate ventilation rate?

    <p>Volume moved with each breath times breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the movement of air during exhalation?

    <p>Air moves from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Levels of Organisation

    • Atoms are the smallest chemical unit of matter
    • Molecules are a group of atoms working together
    • Cells are a group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
    • Tissues are a group of similar cells working together
    • Organs are a group of different tissues working together
    • Organ systems are a group of organs working together
    • An organism is a collection of organ systems

    Functions

    • Control/Direct
    • Cool and warm
    • Digest
    • Move
    • Protect
    • Remove
    • Reproduce
    • Store
    • Support
    • Transport
    • Humans have 11 organ systems

    Types of Tissues

    • Connective tissue
    • Epithelial tissue
    • Muscle tissue
    • Nervous tissue

    Chemical Composition of Cells

    • Elements: C, K etc
    • Ions and electrolytes: Na+, K+, and Ca2+
    • Macromolecules: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids/fats, and nucleic acids

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    BIOL121 - Biology Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the immune and nervous systems in this comprehensive quiz. Explore topics such as B cells, antibodies, action potentials, and the functions of various cells in these systems. It's a great way to reinforce your understanding of these critical biological concepts.

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