Biology Chapter: Eukaryotic DNA and RNA Functions
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Questions and Answers

In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found within the cytoplasm.

False (B)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic DNA?

  • Linear chromosomes
  • Located in the nucleus
  • Found in the cytoplasm (correct)
  • Multiple chromosomes

What is the primary function of enzyme helicase during DNA replication?

Unzipping the double helix of DNA

The process of copying DNA is called ______.

<p>replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of RNA with their primary function:

<p>mRNA = Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes tRNA = Brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation rRNA = Forms the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the central dogma of biology?

<p>Cellular Respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of creating a complementary mRNA sequence based on the DNA template is called [BLANK]

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

During translation, ribosomes move along the mRNA molecule, reading codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mutations with their descriptions:

<p>Deletion = A base is removed from the DNA sequence. Duplication = A segment of DNA is copied and inserted back into the sequence. Inversion = A segment of DNA is flipped and inserted back into the sequence. Translocation = A segment of DNA is moved from one location to another in the genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA polymerase in protein synthesis?

<p>RNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA molecules from a DNA template during transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with discovering that genes are composed of DNA?

<p>Avery, MacLeod, McCarty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chargaff's rule states that the percentage of adenine in DNA is equal to the percentage of cytosine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which one strain of bacteria takes in the DNA of a different bacteria and expresses the genes from that DNA?

<p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three parts of a nucleotide are a ______ sugar, a phosphate group, and a ______ base.

<p>deoxyribose, nitrogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contribution to the discovery of DNA:

<p>Miescher = Discovered that chromosomes were a basis for heredity Frederick Griffith = Found that DNA was a double helix using X-ray diffraction Avery, MacLeod and McCarty = Developed the double helix model of DNA structure Sutton = Developed the base-pairing rule for DNA Franklin and Wilkins = Discovered that genes are composed of DNA Chase and Hershey = Found that viruses have DNA Chargaff = Found that the chemical make-up of cell nuclei consisted of half proteins and half of something else Watson and Crick = Conducted the experiment demonstrating that DNA, not protein, carries genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purine base?

<p>Cytosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human genome project mapped out the DNA on all 46 human chromosomes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond holds the nitrogenous bases together in the DNA double helix?

<p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotic DNA exists as linear chromosomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of copying DNA is called [BLANK].

<p>replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, which base pairs with Adenine (A)?

<p>Thymine (T) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA can leave the nucleus to participate in protein synthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that converts DNA into mRNA?

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of converting mRNA into a protein is called ______.

<p>translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the Central Dogma with their corresponding processes:

<p>DNA = Replication mRNA = Transcription Protein/Polypeptide = Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of Translation?

<p>Replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells use a total of 40 different amino acids to build proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with discovering the base pairing rule for DNA?

<p>Erwin Chargaff (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which DNA is copied?

<p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase?

<p>To synthesize mRNA molecules from a DNA template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A change in the DNA sequence is called a ______.

<p>mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves a section of DNA being flipped?

<p>Inversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Purines are nitrogenous bases with a single ring structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human genome project, which occurred between ______ and ______, sequenced the DNA on all 46 human chromosomes.

<p>1990, 2003</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of converting the genetic information in DNA into a protein is called transcription.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer of DNA?

<p>Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the 'something else' that Miescher discovered in cell nuclei besides protein?

<p>Nucleic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Linear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication is a process that results in two identical copies of DNA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.

<p>mRNA, tRNA, rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, Adenine (A) pairs with ______.

<p>Thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzymes with their functions during DNA replication:

<p>Helicase = Unzips the DNA double helix DNA Polymerase = Builds a new DNA strand Ligase = Zips up the two strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Carries genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic cells contain only one chromosome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?

<p>Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sugar found in RNA is called ______.

<p>ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the double helix model of DNA?

<p>Watson and Crick (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nitrogenous bases that pair with each other in DNA are governed by Chargaff's rule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mRNA in the cell?

<p>To take genetic code to a ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?

<p>Uracil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription is the process where proteins are synthesized based on mRNA code.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

<p>Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three steps of translation.

<p>Initiation, Elongation, Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monomer of DNA is a ______.

<p>nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The codon UGA signifies a ______ in protein synthesis.

<p>Stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the human genome project?

<p>To identify all the genes in the human genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the mutations with their descriptions:

<p>Deletion = Loss of a segment of DNA Duplication = Repetition of a segment of DNA Inversion = Reversal of a segment of DNA Translocation = Transfer of a segment of DNA to a new location</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RNA polymerase do?

<p>Transcribes mRNA from DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Purines have a single ring structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are 20 different amino acids used by cells for protein synthesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four nitrogen bases found in DNA.

<p>Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein after it leaves the ribosome?

<p>It goes to the ER for processing or the Golgi body for shipping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structures that make up the backbone of DNA are ______ and ______.

<p>deoxyribose, phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mutation that involves a segment of DNA being ______ is called an inversion.

<p>flipped</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of bases correctly matches in RNA?

<p>C pairs with G (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Griffith's experiment in relation to the understanding of DNA's role in heredity.

<p>Griffith's experiment demonstrated that a transforming principle could be transferred from one strain of bacteria to another, changing its characteristics. This principle was later identified as DNA, proving that DNA is the genetic material responsible for inheritable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Chargaff's rule essential for the structure and function of DNA?

<p>Chargaff's rule (A=T and C=G) determines the complementary base pairing in DNA, which ensures the proper formation of the double helix structure and enables accurate DNA replication. This precise pairing ensures that the genetic information is accurately copied during cell division and passed on to daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the nitrogenous bases in DNA structure and how they contribute to the genetic code.

<p>The nitrogenous bases in DNA (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine) form the rungs of the DNA ladder. They pair specifically (A with T, C with G) through hydrogen bonds, holding the two strands of DNA together. The sequence of these bases along a DNA strand constitutes the genetic code, dictating the order of amino acids in proteins and ultimately determining the organism's traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the structure of purines and pyrimidines, highlighting their importance in DNA base pairing.

<p>Purines (Adenine and Guanine) have a double-ring structure, while pyrimidines (Thymine and Cytosine) have a single-ring structure. This structural difference allows purines to only pair with pyrimidines. Adenine always bonds with thymine, and guanine always bonds with cytosine. This specific pairing is crucial for maintaining the correct distance between the two strands of DNA and for ensuring the accuracy of DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose and significance of the human genome project, and discuss its impact on modern genetics.

<p>The Human Genome Project was a massive undertaking that aimed to map out the entire sequence of nucleotides in human DNA. This project provided a complete understanding of the human genetic code. This has profound implications for our understanding of human health, disease, and evolution. It has paved the way for personalized medicine, gene therapy, and has led to the development of new diagnostic tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the double helix structure of DNA contribute to its function as the carrier of genetic information?

<p>The double helix structure provides a stable and protective framework for the DNA molecule, shielding the nitrogenous bases, which carry the genetic code, from damage. The complementary base pairing ensures accurate replication of the genetic information, as each strand serves as a template for the creation of a new complementary strand. This ensures that the genetic information is passed on accurately from one generation to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the discovery of transformation in Griffith's experiment? How did this contribute to our understanding of DNA's role in heredity?

<p>Griffith's experiment on transformation demonstrated that a genetic factor could be transferred from one bacterium to another, altering its traits. This proved that genetic information was not merely a protein, but a substance capable of being transferred between organisms and altering their characteristics. This was a crucial step in identifying DNA as the carrier of genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate in the DNA molecule, and explain how they contribute to the overall structure.

<p>The deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of the DNA molecule, alternating in a linear chain. Deoxyribose sugars are linked to phosphates through phosphodiester bonds, creating a strong and stable structure. The arrangement of these molecules forms the two sides of the DNA ladder, providing the framework for the nitrogenous bases to attach to and maintain the double helix structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how Watson and Crick's model of DNA structure revolutionized our understanding of genetics.

<p>Watson and Crick's model of DNA's double helix structure, based on X-ray diffraction data, provided a precise and accurate representation of how DNA is organized. This model explained how genes are replicated and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next. It led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind heredity and opened up new avenues for research in molecular biology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of the experiments conducted by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty in relation to the understanding of DNA as the genetic material.

<p>Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiments provided definitive evidence that DNA, not protein, is responsible for carrying genetic information. They isolated DNA from a pathogenic strain of bacteria and showed that it could transform non-pathogenic bacteria into pathogenic ones. This conclusively proved that DNA was the genetic material and not protein, as was previously thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of DNA being a semi-conservative process during replication in terms of maintaining genetic fidelity and potentially minimizing errors.

<p>The semi-conservative nature of DNA replication ensures that each new DNA molecule inherits one strand from the original molecule, preserving the genetic information. This minimizes the possibility of errors during replication as any mistakes would affect only one of the two new strands, allowing the original sequence to serve as a template for repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the structure of tRNA contributes to its role in protein synthesis, highlighting the importance of specific base pairing.

<p>tRNA molecules are structured in a cloverleaf shape with a specific region called the anticodon loop. The anticodon, a sequence of three bases, complements the codon on mRNA. This precise base pairing ensures that tRNA molecules deliver the correct amino acid to the ribosome, ensuring the accurate assembly of the polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of transcription, including the role of RNA polymerase and the resulting product.

<p>Transcription is the process of creating a complementary mRNA sequence based on the DNA template. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template and uses it to synthesize an mRNA molecule, using the base pairing rules (A pairs with U, C pairs with G, G pairs with C, and T pairs with A). This mRNA molecule then carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm for translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the functions of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. How does their specificity contribute to the Central Dogma?

<p>DNA polymerase is responsible for replicating DNA, building a new strand complementary to the template. RNA polymerase, on the other hand, transcribes DNA into mRNA. DNA polymerase exhibits high fidelity in base pairing, minimizing errors during replication. RNA polymerase, while less accurate, allows for some flexibility, enabling the transcription of genes into mRNA, which can then be translated into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the genetic code, with its codons and anticodons, ensures the precise translation of mRNA into a functional protein.

<p>The genetic code is a set of three-base codons on mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids. tRNA molecules contain complementary anticodons that bind to specific codons. This precise base pairing ensures that each codon is recognized by its corresponding tRNA carrying the correct amino acid. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons sequentially, and tRNA delivers the amino acids in order, forming the polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the 'start' and 'stop' codons in the genetic code.

<p>The 'start' codon (AUG) initiates translation, signaling the ribosome to begin reading the mRNA sequence. The 'stop' codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) signal the end of translation, causing the ribosome to detach from the mRNA and release the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the three steps involved in the process of translation, and explain the role of the ribosome in each step.

<p>Translation involves three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA and finds the start codon. In elongation, the ribosome reads each codon on the mRNA and adds the corresponding amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain using tRNA molecules. During termination, the ribosome encounters a stop codon, signaling the end of translation and the release of the completed polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the functional significance of the 5' and 3' ends of DNA and RNA molecules within the context of replication, transcription, and translation.

<p>The 5' and 3' ends of DNA and RNA molecules are directional tags that establish polarity. During replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the newly synthesized strand. In transcription, RNA polymerase initiates transcription at the 5' end of the gene and elongates towards the 3' end. The 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail in mRNA help with mRNA stability, translation initiation, and protection from degradation. These distinct ends play critical roles in the accurate and efficient processing of genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the four types of point mutations: deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.

<p>Deletion mutations occur when a single nucleotide is removed from the DNA sequence. Duplication mutations involve the duplication of a section of DNA. Inversion mutations result in a section of DNA being flipped, reversing the order of nucleotides. Translocation mutations involve the movement of a section of DNA from one chromosome to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the structure of DNA (double helix) facilitates its important functions in replication and protein synthesis.

<p>The double helix structure of DNA provides a stable framework that stores genetic information. The two complementary strands allow for precise replication, as each serves as a template for the new strand. The base pairing rules (A-T, C-G) ensure accuracy during replication. Additionally, the double helix structure allows for the separation of the strands during replication and transcription, exposing the base sequences necessary for copying and protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose a mutation occurs in a gene that codes for an enzyme involved in DNA replication. Explain how this mutation could have a cascading effect on subsequent biological processes.

<p>A mutation in a gene coding for an enzyme crucial for DNA replication can significantly disrupt the process, leading to errors in copying the DNA. These errors can accumulate, affecting the integrity of the genome and altering the genetic information inherited by subsequent generations. Consequently, mutations in the enzyme's gene can lead to problems with protein synthesis, cellular function, and potentially the development of diseases or disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why DNA cannot leave the nucleus, and how this limitation is overcome during protein synthesis.

<p>DNA cannot leave the nucleus because it is a large, fragile molecule that is protected by the nuclear envelope. To overcome this limitation, the cell uses mRNA as a messenger molecule. mRNA is a copy of the DNA sequence that can leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosome in the cytoplasm for translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of tRNA in protein synthesis, and describe how it interacts with both mRNA and amino acids.

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules act as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon that complements a codon on mRNA. tRNA molecules also bind to a specific amino acid. During translation, tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a cell that lacks the enzyme helicase. Describe what would happen during the process of DNA replication and what the consequences might be for the cell.

<p>Without helicase, DNA replication would be impossible. Helicase is crucial for unwinding the double helix structure and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs, exposing the template strands for the polymerase to copy. Without this action, the two strands would remain tightly wound, preventing access to the bases, and halting replication. Consequently, the cell would be unable to duplicate its DNA, preventing cell division and ultimately leading to cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of RNA modifications, such as the 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail, for the stability and functionality of mRNA molecules.

<p>RNA modifications, like the 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail, protect mRNA from degradation and enhance its translation efficiency. The 5' cap facilitates the binding of ribosomes to the mRNA molecule, initiating translation. The poly-A tail contributes to the stability of mRNA molecules, preventing their degradation and promoting efficient translation. These modifications are crucial for ensuring that mRNA molecules reach the ribosomes and are translated into functional proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the genetic code considered to be degenerate? How does this degeneracy impact the effects of mutations?

<p>The genetic code is considered to be degenerate because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. This redundancy helps to minimize the effects of mutations. If a mutation occurs in a codon, it may not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. For example, changes in the third nucleotide position of a codon often do not change the amino acid it encodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis, and explain how they interact with mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids.

<p>Ribosomes are cellular organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis. They bind to mRNA, and facilitate the interaction between mRNA and tRNA. They read the codons on mRNA, recruiting tRNA molecules with the corresponding anticodons. This process brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the genetic code considered degenerate? How does this redundancy benefit living organisms?

<p>The genetic code is considered degenerate because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. This redundancy provides a safety mechanism against mutations. If a mutation occurs in a codon, there is a chance that the altered codon will still code for the same amino acid, preventing changes in the protein's structure and function. This redundancy also allows for variations in DNA sequences without necessarily affecting the protein's final product, contributing to genetic diversity and adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the potential consequences of mutations on protein function. Provide examples of how different types of mutations can affect protein folding, activity, and stability.

<p>Mutations can have a wide range of consequences on protein function. Some mutations may have no effect, while others can lead to severe consequences. Point mutations that alter the codon sequence can result in the substitution of one amino acid for another, leading to alterations in protein folding, activity, or stability. Insertions and deletions can lead to frame-shift mutations, which alter the reading frame of the gene and result in the synthesis of a nonfunctional protein. Mutations can also affect the regulatory regions of genes, leading to changes in gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the Central Dogma of Biology provides a framework for understanding how genetic information flows within a cell. Describe the key processes involved and their relationship to each other.

<p>The Central Dogma of Biology describes the flow of genetic information within a cell: DNA -&gt; RNA -&gt; Protein. It consists of three key processes: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication is the process of copying DNA, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. Transcription is the process of creating a complementary mRNA sequence based on the DNA template. Translation is the process of converting the genetic information in mRNA into a protein. The processes occur in a sequential order, ensuring that the genetic code is transferred from DNA to RNA and ultimately to protein, which carries out cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientists with their major contributions to the discovery of DNA.

<p>Miescher = Identified a substance in cell nuclei distinct from proteins Griffith = Demonstrated transformation in bacteria Avery, MacLeod, McCarty = Concluded that DNA, not protein, carries genetic information Franklin and Wilkins = Used X-ray diffraction to reveal DNA's double helix structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of a nucleotide with their descriptions.

<p>Deoxyribose sugar = A five-carbon sugar found in DNA Phosphate group = A negatively charged molecule attached to the sugar Nitrogenous base = A molecule containing nitrogen, responsible for base pairing in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nitrogenous bases with their categories.

<p>Adenine (A) = Purine Thymine (T) = Pyrimidine Guanine (G) = Purine Cytosine (C) = Pyrimidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to DNA structure.

<p>Double helix = A 3D structure of DNA resembling a twisted ladder Purines = Nitrogenous bases with two rings Pyrimidines = Nitrogenous bases with one ring Chargaff's rule = The percentage of adenine equals thymine, and guanine equals cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of bonds involved in DNA structure with their functions.

<p>Hydrogen bonds = Hold the two strands of DNA together Phosphodiester bonds = Connect nucleotides within a DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the key features of DNA with their corresponding structures:

<p>Backbone of DNA = Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group Rungs of DNA = Nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in the context of DNA replication.

<p>Semi-conservative replication = Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand Helicase = An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix DNA polymerase = An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand Ligase = An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA with their descriptions.

<p>Prokaryotic DNA = Circular, located in the cytoplasm Eukaryotic DNA = Linear, found in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of RNA involved in protein synthesis with their functions.

<p>mRNA (messenger RNA) = Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes tRNA (transfer RNA) = Delivers amino acids to the ribosome rRNA (ribosomal RNA) = Forms part of the ribosome structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following base pairs with their complementary pairs in RNA:

<p>A = U C = G G = C T = A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the Central Dogma of Biology with their functions:

<p>A = Replication C = Transcription E = Translation F = Protein/Polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the processes with their descriptions in protein synthesis:

<p>Transcription = Creating mRNA from DNA Translation = Synthesis of proteins from mRNA RNA Polymerase = Synthesize mRNA molecules mRNA = Carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the amino acids with their corresponding codons:

<p>AUG = Met UCG = Ser UAC = Tyr UGA = Stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of mutations with their definitions:

<p>Deletion = Removal of a section of DNA Duplication = Copy of a section of DNA Inversion = Reversal of a DNA segment Translocation = Transfer of a DNA segment to a different chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the steps of translation with their corresponding order:

<p>Initiation = Start process of translation Elongation = Adding amino acids to growing chain Termination = End process when a stop codon is reached Ribosome = Site of translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of RNA with its primary role:

<p>mRNA = Carries instructions from DNA tRNA = Brings amino acids to ribosome rRNA = Component of ribosomes snRNA = Processing of pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the codons with their respective amino acids:

<p>GUU = Val GUA = Val UGG = Trp AUG = Met</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the elements of protein synthesis with their description:

<p>E = Protein is synthesized D = mRNA is formed C = DNA is transcribed B = Template for mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of RNA with their definitions:

<p>mRNA = Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes tRNA = Transfers amino acids during protein synthesis rRNA = Forms ribosomes siRNA = Involved in RNA interference and gene silencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of DNA structure with their descriptions:

<p>Deoxyribose = Five-carbon sugar in DNA Phosphate group = Links nucleotides together Nitrogen base = Contains information for protein synthesis Double helix = The structural form of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps of DNA replication with their corresponding enzymes:

<p>Unzipping DNA = Helicase Adding nucleotides = DNA polymerase Sealing gaps = Ligase Starting the replication process = Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

<p>Transcription = Converting DNA into mRNA Translation = Synthesizing proteins from mRNA Replication = Copying of DNA Splicing = Editing mRNA before translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nitrogenous bases with their complementary pairs in DNA:

<p>Adenine = Thymine Cytosine = Guanine Uracil = Adenine Guanine = Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases of the cell cycle with their descriptions:

<p>S-phase = DNA replication occurs G1 phase = Cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis G2 phase = Preparation for mitosis M-phase = Cell division occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following common characteristics of DNA with their definitions:

<p>Semi-conservative replication = Each new DNA strand contains one old and one new strand Complementary base pairing = A pairs with T, C pairs with G Antiparallel strands = The two strands run in opposite directions Double-stranded structure = Consists of two intertwined strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct functions in protein synthesis:

<p>mRNA = Brings the genetic code to ribosomes tRNA = Delivers specific amino acids to ribosomes rRNA = Forms the structure of ribosomes snRNA = Involved in RNA splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following enzymes with their role in DNA replication:

<p>Helicase = Unzips the double helix DNA polymerase = Adds nucleotides to a growing strand Ligase = Seals the nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone Primase = Synthesizes RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA:

<p>Prokaryotic DNA = One plasmid, circular shape Eukaryotic DNA = Multiple chromosomes, linear shape Prokaryotic DNA location = Cytoplasm Eukaryotic DNA location = Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA-RNA base pairing

A: U, C: G, G: C, T: A - how bases pair.

Central Dogma of Biology

Describes the flow of genetic information: DNA to RNA to Protein.

Transcription

The process of creating mRNA from DNA's code.

Translation

Making proteins based on mRNA instructions.

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Point mutations

Alterations in a single DNA gene sequence.

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Miescher's Contribution

Discovered that cell nuclei contain proteins and a mysterious substance.

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Frederick Griffith

Research led to the concept of transformation in bacteria.

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Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

Determined that genes are made of DNA.

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Chargaff's Rule

States that %A = %T and %C = %G in DNA.

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DNA Monomer

The basic building block of DNA is a nucleotide.

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Structure of DNA

DNA is a double helix made of two strands in a twisted ladder formation.

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Nitrogenous Bases

The four bases in DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.

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DNA Backbone

Composed of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups.

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Location of DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA is located in the nucleus.

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Amount of DNA in Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes contain one plasmid, which is a single ring of DNA.

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DNA Replication

The process of copying DNA during the S-phase of interphase.

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Semi-conservative Replication

Each DNA molecule consists of one old and one new strand.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA carries genetic code from the nucleus to ribosomes.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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Base pairing in DNA

In DNA, Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

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RNA Structure

RNA is single-stranded and contains Uracil instead of Thymine.

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mRNA Function

mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

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Transcription Process

The creation of mRNA from a DNA template.

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Translation Steps

The three stages of translation: Initiation, Elongation, Termination.

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RNA Polymerase Role

Enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from DNA.

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Number of Amino Acids

There are 20 different amino acids used in protein synthesis.

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Protein Processing Location

After ribosome, proteins go to the ER or Golgi body for further processing.

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Codon for Methionine

The codon AUG codes for the amino acid Methionine.

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Codon Chart Use

Used to determine which amino acids correspond to specific mRNA codons.

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Types of Mutations

Mutations include Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation.

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DNA Discovery

The historical contributions of various scientists to uncover DNA's structure and function.

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Franklin and Wilkins

Used X-ray diffraction to show DNA is a double helix.

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Human Genome Project

A project from 1990 to 2003 that mapped all human DNA.

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Components of a Nucleotide

A nucleotide consists of deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Purines vs. Pyrimidines

Purines are double-ringed structures; pyrimidines are single-ringed.

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Hydrogen Bonds in DNA

Hydrogen bonds hold the two DNA strands together.

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Double Helix Structure

DNA's structure resembles a twisted ladder due to its two strands.

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Nucleotide Composition

Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one nitrogenous base.

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Location of DNA in Prokaryotes

DNA is located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.

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Shape of DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA is linear with multiple chromosomes.

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Steps of DNA Replication

The steps include unzipping, building, and zipping DNA strands.

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Function of DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerase builds the new DNA strand during replication.

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What is Protein Synthesis?

The process of making proteins using an mRNA template.

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Types of RNA

The main types are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, each with unique roles.

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What is a Codon?

A codon is a three-letter sequence found on mRNA.

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Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.

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Miescher's Discovery (1868)

Identified a substance in cell nuclei, hinting at DNA.

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Transformation Concept

Griffith's idea that bacteria can uptake DNA from others.

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Chargaff’s Rule

In DNA, %A equals %T and %C equals %G.

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Franklin's Contribution

Used X-ray diffraction to reveal DNA's double helix structure.

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Hershey-Chase Experiment

Demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material in viruses.

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DNA Backbone Structure

Composed of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups.

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Eukaryotic DNA Shape

Eukaryotic DNA has a linear shape with multiple chromosomes.

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DNA Location in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA is located in the nucleus.

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Prokaryotic DNA Amount

Prokaryotes have one plasmid, a single ring of DNA.

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DNA Replication Definition

Replication is the process of copying DNA.

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S-phase of Interphase

DNA replication occurs during S-phase of interphase.

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Helicase Function

Helicase is the enzyme that unzips the double helix during replication.

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Protein Synthesis Purpose

Protein synthesis is necessary for structure, function, and traits in organisms.

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Four DNA Bases

The nitrogen bases in DNA are A, T, C, G.

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tRNA Anticodon

An anticodon is a three-letter sequence on tRNA, complementary to mRNA codons.

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DNA base pairing

A pairs with U, C pairs with G.

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Function of mRNA

mRNA carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.

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RNA polymerase

Enzyme that creates mRNA from DNA.

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Steps of Translation

Translation involves Initiation, Elongation, Termination.

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Codon for Stop

UGA is the codon that signals stop during translation.

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Role of ribosome

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

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Types of point mutations

Point mutations include Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation.

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Function of the ER

Proteins are processed in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) post-ribosome.

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Role of the Golgi body

Golgi body packages and ships proteins to their destinations.

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Sutton's Contribution

Used grasshopper chromosomes to verify heredity's link to chromosomes.

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Watson and Crick

Developed the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953.

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Double Helix

DNA's structure resembles a twisted ladder due to two strands.

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Hydrogen Bonds

Hold the two strands of DNA together in the double helix.

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Nucleotide Parts

Each nucleotide consists of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

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mRNA Purpose

mRNA transports genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

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Translation Process

Translation is synthesizing proteins from mRNA instructions.

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Role of RNA Polymerase

RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from the DNA sequence.

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Amino Acids Count

There are 20 different amino acids used in proteins.

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Protein Processing After Ribosome

Proteins go to the ER or Golgi body for modification.

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Function of the Golgi Body

The Golgi body packages and ships proteins to their destinations.

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Eukaryotic DNA Location

Eukaryotic DNA is found in the nucleus.

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Prokaryotic DNA Structure

Prokaryotic DNA is in a single ring-shaped plasmid.

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Enzyme Helicase

Helicase unzips the DNA double helix during replication.

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DNA Polymerase Function

DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands during replication.

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Ligase Role

Ligase zips up the two DNA strands after replication.

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Protein Synthesis Definition

The process of making proteins using mRNA.

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Codon

A codon is a three-letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

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Anticodon

An anticodon is a three-letter sequence on tRNA that is complementary to mRNA codons.

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Three Parts of a Nucleotide

A nucleotide comprises deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

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Difference Between Purines and Pyrimidines

Purines have two rings, pyrimidines have one ring in their structure.

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Watson and Crick's Contribution

Developed the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953.

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Franklin and Wilkins' Discovery

Used X-ray diffraction to reveal DNA's double helix structure.

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Structure of DNA Backbone

DNA backbone is made up of deoxyribose and phosphate groups.

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Process of Translation

Translation is the process of creating proteins from the mRNA code, occurring in ribosomes.

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Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

After leaving the ribosome, proteins go to the ER for further processing.

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Codon Chart Purpose

A codon chart is used to determine which amino acids correspond to specific mRNA codons.

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Transcription Definition

Transcription is the process of creating a complementary mRNA sequence based on the DNA.

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Eukaryotic DNA Structure

Eukaryotic DNA is linear and organized into multiple chromosomes.

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DNA Replication Steps

Steps include unzipping by helicase, building by DNA polymerase, zipping by ligase.

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Functions of Proteins

Proteins provide structure, facilitate reactions, and determine traits in organisms.

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Anticodon Definition

An anticodon is a three-letter sequence on tRNA that pairs with mRNA codons.

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Study Notes

History of DNA Discoveries

  • Miescher (1868) found half of cell nuclei's chemical makeup is proteins and half is "something else".
  • Griffith (1928) showed transformation, where one bacteria strain gained a different bacteria's DNA.
  • Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944) proved genes are DNA-based.
  • Sutton (early 1900s) linked heredity and chromosomes.
  • Franklin and Wilkins (1952) used X-ray diffraction to see DNA's double helix structure.
  • Chase and Hershey (1952) confirmed DNA is the genetic material, not protein.
  • Chargaff (1952) determined base-pairing rules (A=T and C=G).
  • Watson and Crick (1953) proposed the double helix model of DNA structure.
  • The human genome project occurred from 1990 to 2003, mapping the DNA of all 46 human chromosomes.

DNA Structure

  • The monomer of DNA is a nucleotide.
  • A nucleotide consists of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
  • The four nitrogen bases are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
  • Purines (adenine and guanine) have two rings, while pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine) have one.
  • Chargaff's rule: %A = %T and %C = %G
  • DNA's structure is a double helix, like a twisted ladder.
  • The DNA backbone is formed by deoxyribose and phosphate.
  • The "rungs" of the ladder are formed by nitrogenous bases.
  • Hydrogen bonds hold the two DNA strands together.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA

  • Location: Prokaryotic DNA is in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic DNA is in the nucleus.
  • Amount: Prokaryotic DNA is usually one circular plasmid, while eukaryotic DNA is multiple linear chromosomes.
  • Shape: Prokaryotic DNA is circular, while eukaryotic DNA is linear.

DNA Replication

  • Replication occurs during the S phase of interphase.
  • Steps:
    • Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix.
    • DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands.
    • Ligase seals the gaps in the DNA.
  • DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand.

Protein Synthesis

  • Protein synthesis is the process of building proteins using an mRNA template.
  • Proteins perform vital cellular functions (structure, catalysis, etc.).
  • Why protein synthesis is important:
    • Proteins build and maintain cells.
    • Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
    • Organisms' physical traits are determined by proteins.

DNA vs. RNA Structure

  • DNA: Two strands, double helix structure, deoxyribose sugar, bases (A, T, C, G).
  • RNA: One strand, single helix structure, ribose sugar, bases (A, U, C, G).

Types of RNA

  • mRNA: Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis, utilizing codons.
  • tRNA: Carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation, using anticodons to match with mRNA.
  • rRNA: Forms the ribosome structure, where protein synthesis occurs.

DNA and RNA Base-Pairing Rules

  • DNA: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
  • RNA: A pairs with U, and C pairs with G.

Central Dogma of Biology

  • The flow of genetic information is DNA to RNA to Protein.
    • Replication (DNA to DNA)
    • Transcription (DNA to RNA)
    • Translation (RNA to protein)

Protein Synthesis Detail

  • mRNA carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
  • Transcription is the process of creating a complementary mRNA sequence from DNA, using RNA polymerase to create mRNA molecules.
  • Translation is the process of converting an mRNA sequence to a polypeptide chain.
  • Initiation, Elongation, Termination are the three stages of translation.
  • Proteins go to the ER or Golgi for processing and delivery after leaving ribosomes.
  • Proteins are necessary for a cell's structure and function, catalyzing chemical reactions.

Mutations

  • Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence.
  • Point mutations are changes to a single gene.
  • Types of mutations include deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.

Codon Chart Practice

  • The codon chart shows which codons code for which amino acids.

Amino Acids and Codons

  • Specific codons on mRNA code for specific amino acids.
  • Multiple codons may code for the same amino acids.

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DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Answer Key PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on eukaryotic DNA characteristics, RNA functions, and processes in protein synthesis. This quiz covers key concepts including DNA replication and the central dogma of biology. Perfect for students studying cell biology.

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