Podcast
Questions and Answers
What happens to the amino acids in a protein sequence when a deletion mutation occurs?
What happens to the amino acids in a protein sequence when a deletion mutation occurs?
Which of the following skills involves using evidence to support a claim?
Which of the following skills involves using evidence to support a claim?
In a genetic study, if a deletion mutation occurs in DNA, what is the expected outcome in the resulting protein?
In a genetic study, if a deletion mutation occurs in DNA, what is the expected outcome in the resulting protein?
What kind of diagram might help in predicting the inheritance of a gene?
What kind of diagram might help in predicting the inheritance of a gene?
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Which activity best exemplifies linking evidence to a biological claim?
Which activity best exemplifies linking evidence to a biological claim?
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What is the primary role of DNA in an organism?
What is the primary role of DNA in an organism?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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What happens at the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
What happens at the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
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How are chromosomes characterized in a cancerous cell?
How are chromosomes characterized in a cancerous cell?
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What is a mutation?
What is a mutation?
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What role does the p53 protein play during DNA replication?
What role does the p53 protein play during DNA replication?
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How does mutation in DNA potentially affect protein structure?
How does mutation in DNA potentially affect protein structure?
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In the DNA to protein process, how are RNA bases paired with DNA bases?
In the DNA to protein process, how are RNA bases paired with DNA bases?
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Study Notes
DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, Proteins, and Traits
- DNA provides instructions for traits
- DNA coils to form chromosomes
- A gene is a section of DNA/chromosome
- Genes code for specific proteins
- Proteins have unique functions and determine traits
Cell Cycle Phases
- G1 phase: Cell growth
- S phase: DNA replication (DNA doubled)
- G2 phase: Cell growth
- M phase: Cell division
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
- Checkpoints check for DNA damage at the end of each phase
- If damage is detected, the cycle pauses for repair
- Severe damage leads to cell death
Cancer Cell vs. Non-Cancer Cell Chromosomes
- Non-cancerous cells: Chromosomes organized into 23 pairs (one from each parent)
- Cancerous cells: Chromosomes may be absent, in groups of 3-4, shortened/damaged
DNA Base Pairing (S phase)
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)
Mutation Definition and Locations
- Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence
- Possible mutation locations: During DNA replication (S phase)
p53's Function in DNA Replication
- p53 checks for mutations and repairs them
- Mutation in the p53 gene disrupts the protein's structure/function
Gene Expression (DNA to Protein)
- DNA is transcribed into RNA (A→U, T→A, C→G, G→C)
- RNA is read in 3-letter codons by ribosomes
- Ribosomes pair the mRNA with tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids
- Amino acids chain together to form a protein
Mutation Impact on Protein Structure/Function
- Substitution: Changes a single amino acid
- Deletion: Changes multiple amino acids (after the deletion point)
- A mutation can change the structure and function of the protein
Assessment Format
- Knowledge Questions: Label, define, outline, or describe
- Case Study: Analyze data (text, graphs, maps, diagrams) to support claims/ask questions
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Description
Explore the intricate relationships between DNA, chromosomes, genes, and proteins that determine traits. This quiz also covers essential phases of the cell cycle, check points, and differences between cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Test your knowledge on base pairing and mutations in the context of genetics.
