Biology Chapter: Digestion and Skeletal System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of lipase produced by the pancreas?

  • Neutralizes acidic chyme
  • Digests carbohydrates
  • Hydrolyzes fats into glycerol and fatty acids (correct)
  • Digests proteins

    • The pancreas produces both lipase and amylase to aid in digestion.

    True

    What structures increase the surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption?

    Villi and microvilli

    Pancreatic juice contains sodium bicarbonate, which ______ acidic chyme.

    <p>neutralizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the digestive enzyme with its function:

    <p>Lipase = Digests fats Amylase = Digests carbohydrates Trypsin = Digests proteins Sodium bicarbonate = Neutralizes chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does digestion of carbohydrates primarily occur?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chylomicrons are formed from glycerol and fatty acids and enter blood capillaries directly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzymes are trypsin and amylase classified as?

    <p>Proteases and carbohydrases respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

    <p>Produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphysis of a long bone contains yellow bone marrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system?

    <p>Bone and cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ joins the bones together.

    <p>ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of a long bone with their descriptions:

    <p>Diaphysis = Shaft of the bone Epiphysis = Expanded end of a long bone Metaphysis = Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis Periosteum = Connective tissue covering all bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage covers the epiphyses of long bones?

    <p>Articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of the rib cage.

    <p>Protection of the heart and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compact bone is composed of tubular units called osteons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone in bone growth is characterized by dying cartilage cells?

    <p>Degenerating zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is produced in the skin when exposed to sunlight and is important for calcium absorption.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates bone growth and requires the concurrent action of thyroid hormone?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the epiphyseal plates close, bone ______ can no longer occur.

    <p>lengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their corresponding hormone-related effects:

    <p>Dwarfism = Too little growth hormone in childhood Gigantism = Excess growth hormone in childhood Acromegaly = Excess growth hormone in adults Rickets = Low vitamin D levels in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when blood calcium levels rise?

    <p>Calcium is deposited in bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paget disease causes the generation of new bone at a slower-than-normal rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sex hormones play during adolescence?

    <p>They increase growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone mass increases until age 50.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one risk factor for osteoporosis?

    <p>Early menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PTH promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine and __________.

    <p>kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fracture with its description:

    <p>Complete = The bone is broken clear through. Compound = The fracture pierces the skin. Spiral = The break is ragged due to twisting. Simple = The fracture does not pierce the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms first after a bone fracture?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of Ca2+ from the digestive tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoblasts in bone repair?

    <p>Build new compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives fluid out of the capillary at the arterial end?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmotic pressure is responsible for driving fluid out of the capillaries at the venule end.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the excess fluid produced during capillary exchange?

    <p>It enters lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure of ______ or greater.

    <p>140</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypertension = High blood pressure; often asymptomatic Atherosclerosis = Buildup of plaque in blood vessel walls Stroke = Interruption of blood supply to the brain Heart Attack = Disruption of blood flow to the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is commonly used for hypertension?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis can cause blood clots to form in the smoothened walls of arteries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major consequences of untreated hypertension?

    <p>Kidney failure, heart attack, stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestion

    • Lipase breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
    • Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars
    • Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase its surface area for nutrient absorption
    • Pancreatic juice neutralizes acidic chyme
    • Trypsin & Amylase are hydrolytic enzymes, which break down large molecules
    • Carbohydrate digestion primarily takes place in the small intestine
    • Chylomicrons are formed from glycerol and fatty acids and enter the lymphatic system

    Skeletal System

    • Supporting the body, protection of organs, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation are all functions of the skeletal system
    • Bone and cartilage are the connective tissues that make up the skeletal system
    • **Ligaments **join bones together
    • Epiphysis are the ends of long bones, containing red bone marrow (for blood cell production), while the shaft is called the diaphysis and contains yellow bone marrow (stores fat)
    • Hyaline cartilage covers the epiphyses of long bones
    • The rib cage protects the heart and lungs
    • Compact bone is composed of osteons
    • The hypertrophic zone of bone growth is characterized by dying cartilage cells
    • Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption
    • Growth hormone stimulates bone growth
    • When the epiphyseal plates close, bone elongation can no longer occur
    • PTH increases calcium levels in the blood
    • Calcitonin decreases calcium levels in the blood
    • Sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) stimulate bone growth during adolescence
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone
    • Bone mass increases until age 50
    • Inadequate calcium intake can lead to osteoporosis
    • PTH promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine and kidney reabsorption
    • Fractures can be classified as simple, compound, comminuted, spiral, greenstick
    • A hematoma forms first after a bone fracture followed by cartilage callus formation then a bony callus
    • Osteoblasts build new bone during bone repair
    • Blood pressure drives fluid out of the capillary at the arterial end
    • Osmotic pressure drives fluid out of the capillaries at the venule end
    • Excess fluid produced during capillary exchange is collected by the lymphatic system

    Cardiovascular System

    • Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or greater
    • Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, congestive heart failure, peripheral artery disease, and aneurysm are all cardiovascular disorders
    • Lifestyle modifications such as exercise and diet are common treatments for hypertension
    • Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup
    • Untreated hypertension can cause damage to the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart

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