Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main role of the circulatory system?
What is the main role of the circulatory system?
Which component is NOT part of the basic components of the circulatory system?
Which component is NOT part of the basic components of the circulatory system?
What characterizes an open circulatory system?
What characterizes an open circulatory system?
What is a key efficiency benefit of closed circulatory systems in animals?
What is a key efficiency benefit of closed circulatory systems in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which animals typically possess an open circulatory system?
Which animals typically possess an open circulatory system?
Signup and view all the answers
What fluid is used in the open circulatory system of insects?
What fluid is used in the open circulatory system of insects?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might diffusion be an inadequate mechanism for nutrient and gas exchange in larger animals?
Why might diffusion be an inadequate mechanism for nutrient and gas exchange in larger animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What do closed circulatory systems allow for that is beneficial for active animals?
What do closed circulatory systems allow for that is beneficial for active animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of arteries in the vertebrate cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of arteries in the vertebrate cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
How does blood pressure change as blood travels through the capillary beds?
How does blood pressure change as blood travels through the capillary beds?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the double circulation system found in mammals?
What distinguishes the double circulation system found in mammals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which heart chamber contracts during systole?
Which heart chamber contracts during systole?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What medical condition is caused by the buildup of low-density lipoproteins in arteries?
What medical condition is caused by the buildup of low-density lipoproteins in arteries?
Signup and view all the answers
Which blood component is primarily responsible for blood clotting?
Which blood component is primarily responsible for blood clotting?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does hypertension have on the cardiovascular system?
What effect does hypertension have on the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of circulation is found in fish?
Which type of circulation is found in fish?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the sinoatrial node in the heart?
What is the significance of the sinoatrial node in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of blood fluid and proteins leak into the lymphatic system?
What percentage of blood fluid and proteins leak into the lymphatic system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cellular component in blood is primarily involved in defense and immunity?
Which cellular component in blood is primarily involved in defense and immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Circulation Systems
- Different organisms have varying circulatory systems
- Circulatory systems allow for exchange with the environment, internal transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products.
- Diffusion is inefficient for transporting substances over greater distances; thus needing a circulatory system for effective transport
Open Circulatory Systems
- Blood may be only partially or not at all confined to blood vessels
- Found in insects, most molluscs, and arthropods
- Blood is pumped into sinuses surrounding organs
- This type of system is less efficient than closed systems, particularly in larger organisms that need to transport materials quickly
Closed Circulatory Systems
- Blood is completely confined to blood vessels
- Found in earthworms, squid, octopuses, and all vertebrates
- More efficient in transporting materials to larger organisms requiring high activity levels
Insects - Open Circulatory System
- Heart draws haemolymph into the circulatory system through ostia
- Ostia are valved pores in the heart
- Haemolymph is pumped throughout the body via sinuses that surround organs
Earthworms - Closed Circulatory System
- The closed system allows for more efficient transport in larger, more active organisms
- Found in squid, octopuses, and all vertebrates
- Blood is carried in vessels, providing a faster and more efficient transport system
Vertebrate Cardiovascular System
- The vertebrate cardiovascular system consists of:
- A transport system (blood)
- A set of tubes (blood vessels)
- A muscular pump (heart)
- Blood vessels include:
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries where gas and nutrient exchange occurs
- Two to four chambered hearts
- Atria (singular, atrium)/auricles
- Ventricles
Fish: Single Circulation
- Fish hearts have two main chambers:
- One ventricle
- One atrium
- Blood passes through two capillary beds, which limits the metabolic rate of fishes
Double Circulation
- Amphibians have a Pulmocutaneous circuit and a Systemic circuit
- Reptiles (Except Birds) have a pulmonary circuit and a Systemic circuit
- Mammals and Birds have two separate circuits, a pulmonary circuit and a Systemic circuit
- Blood passes through the heart twice per circuit
The Mammalian Cardiovascular System
- Components include:
- Anterior vena cava
- Pulmonary artery
- Capillaries of the right lung
- Pulmonary vein
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Aorta
- Capillaries of the head and forelimbs
- Pulmonary artery
- Capillaries of the left lung
- Pulmonary vein
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
- Aorta
- Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs
Cardiac Cycle
- Systole (contraction phase)
- Diastole (relaxation phase)
- Cardiac output depends on:
- Heart rate (beats per minute)
- Stroke volume (amount pumped per contraction, approximately 75 ml)
- Cardiac beat is maintained by sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
Blood Vessels
- Arteries have thicker, more elastic walls to maintain blood pressure between heart contractions
- Capillaries have thin walls for gas and nutrient exchange
- Veins have valves to prevent backflow
Medical Conditions
- Atherosclerosis: buildup of low-density lipoproteins ("bad cholesterol") in arteries
- Hypertension: high blood pressure
- Heart attack: death of cardiac muscle due to coronary artery blockage
- Stroke: death of nervous tissue in the brain due to artery blockage
Blood
- Blood is a connective tissue composed of:
- Cells (45% by volume)
- Plasma (90% water + solutes)
- Components of blood (mammals): erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen
- Oxygen binds to the heme group
Review Questions from Respiration
- Gas exchange occurs in the lungs in humans
- The transport protein in human blood for O2 is haemoglobin
- The tidal volume of the human lungs is dependent on the individual
Revision Questions
- Single circulation: Blood passes through the heart once in a circuit.
- Double circulation: Blood passes through the heart twice in a circuit.
- Three main components of the cardiovascular system in humans: the heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Largest blood vessel in humans: The aorta.
Acknowledgements
- Majority of text and PowerPoint slides are from Campbell's Biology
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the components and functions of the circulatory system in this quick quiz. Explore the differences between open and closed circulatory systems, including their advantages and typical animal examples. Ideal for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of circulatory systems.
