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Questions and Answers
What is the most common component of a membrane?
What is the most common component of a membrane?
How many rings does a steroid molecule possess?
How many rings does a steroid molecule possess?
What physiological role is primarily associated with steroids?
What physiological role is primarily associated with steroids?
What common characteristic is shared by all types of lipids mentioned in the text?
What common characteristic is shared by all types of lipids mentioned in the text?
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What signifies a saturated fat's structure, according to the provided text?
What signifies a saturated fat's structure, according to the provided text?
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What is the fundamental concept of the Cell Theory?
What is the fundamental concept of the Cell Theory?
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Who is credited with first discovering cells and naming them?
Who is credited with first discovering cells and naming them?
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Which of the following best describes the contributions of Anton von Leeuwenhoek?
Which of the following best describes the contributions of Anton von Leeuwenhoek?
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Which scientist concluded that all plants are made of cells?
Which scientist concluded that all plants are made of cells?
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Theodor Schwann's major contribution to the cell theory was:
Theodor Schwann's major contribution to the cell theory was:
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Who among the listed biologists, determined that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?
Who among the listed biologists, determined that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?
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According to cell theory, what is a fundamental characteristic of all living things?
According to cell theory, what is a fundamental characteristic of all living things?
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Which of these statements is consistent with the cell theory?
Which of these statements is consistent with the cell theory?
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Which property of water allows bodies of water to act as a temperature buffer?
Which property of water allows bodies of water to act as a temperature buffer?
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What is the primary reason that sweating is an effective cooling mechanism for the human body?
What is the primary reason that sweating is an effective cooling mechanism for the human body?
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Why is it beneficial that solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water?
Why is it beneficial that solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water?
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What characteristic of water makes it a good solvent?
What characteristic of water makes it a good solvent?
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How many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form?
How many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form?
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Which of the following is a result of water's high heat capacity?
Which of the following is a result of water's high heat capacity?
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Why can water dissolve both polar covalent and ionic compounds?
Why can water dissolve both polar covalent and ionic compounds?
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A carbon atom’s ability to form four covalent bonds is due to what?
A carbon atom’s ability to form four covalent bonds is due to what?
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Which of the following best describes the function of an enzyme?
Which of the following best describes the function of an enzyme?
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What is the primary difference between a catalyst and an enzyme?
What is the primary difference between a catalyst and an enzyme?
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Where do substrates bind on an enzyme?
Where do substrates bind on an enzyme?
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What is the function of the lipid bilayer in a cell membrane?
What is the function of the lipid bilayer in a cell membrane?
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Which of these is NOT a description of the lipid bilayer?
Which of these is NOT a description of the lipid bilayer?
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In the fluid mosaic model, what does the term 'mosaic' refer to?
In the fluid mosaic model, what does the term 'mosaic' refer to?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding enzymes?
Which of the following statements is true regarding enzymes?
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Which of the following statements best describes the 'fluid' component of the fluid mosaic model?
Which of the following statements best describes the 'fluid' component of the fluid mosaic model?
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What is the relationship between the reactants of cellular respiration and the products of photosynthesis?
What is the relationship between the reactants of cellular respiration and the products of photosynthesis?
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Which of the following best describes the energy conversion process that occurs in photosynthesis?
Which of the following best describes the energy conversion process that occurs in photosynthesis?
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What is the primary energy type conversion in cellular respiration?
What is the primary energy type conversion in cellular respiration?
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In the context of cellular respiration, the breakdown of C6H12O6 into CO2 is an example of what?
In the context of cellular respiration, the breakdown of C6H12O6 into CO2 is an example of what?
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Considering the reactants and products, how would you classify the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Considering the reactants and products, how would you classify the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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What is the typical behavior of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic solution?
What is the typical behavior of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic solution?
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Which of the following best describes the behavior of animal cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?
Which of the following best describes the behavior of animal cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?
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What is a characteristic of a cell placed in an isotonic solution?
What is a characteristic of a cell placed in an isotonic solution?
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What process involves vesicles fusing with the cell membrane to release contents outside the cell?
What process involves vesicles fusing with the cell membrane to release contents outside the cell?
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Which scenario best describes the process of endocytosis?
Which scenario best describes the process of endocytosis?
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A cell is placed in a solution and swells dramatically, what best describes how this solution compares to the cell’s internal environment?
A cell is placed in a solution and swells dramatically, what best describes how this solution compares to the cell’s internal environment?
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If a cell is placed in a solution and its shape does not change, what is the relationship between the cell and the solution?
If a cell is placed in a solution and its shape does not change, what is the relationship between the cell and the solution?
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What is a commonality between endocytosis and exocytosis?
What is a commonality between endocytosis and exocytosis?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living things have one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Important scientists involved include:
- Robert Hooke: First to discover cells, naming them.
- Anton von Leeuwenhoek: Discovered single-celled organisms and that cells are in more than just plants.
- Matthias Schleiden: Determined plants are made of cells.
- Theodor Schwann: Determined that animals are made of cells.
- Rudolph Virchow: Determined that cells come from pre-existing cells.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures & Functions
- Cell Membrane: Thin, flexible barrier; controls what enters and leaves the cell.
- Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane surrounding the nucleus; protecting it.
- Centrioles: Structures involved in cell division; found only in animal cells.
- Centrosome: Structure involved in cell division, contains centrioles; found only in animal cells.
- Endomembrane System: Network of membranes, including nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles; involved in transport within the cell.
- Mitochondria: Organelles that convert glucose energy into ATP; found in all eukaryotic cells.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes in all eukaryotic cells but only present in animal cells
- Cytoplasm: Fluid and organelles inside the cell (except the nucleus).
- Cytosol: The fluid part of the cytoplasm.
- Cytoskeleton: Network of fibers within the cytoplasm; maintaining cell shape and movement.
- Vacuole: Sac-like structure for storage, plants have a large central vacuole for water, in animals, vacuoles are smaller and temporary.
- Plant cells (P): contain a cell wall, chloroplast, and a large central vacuole.
- Animal cells (A): do not have a cell wall, chloroplast, or a large central vacuole.
- Nucleolus: Dense region where ribosome production begins.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis. (Bound or Free)
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Makes lipids, detoxifies substances & stores calcium.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Makes proteins for secretion; ribosomes attached.
- Golgi Apparatus: Processes, sorts, and packages proteins.
Cell Structure
- Free Ribosomes: Make proteins to be used within the cytoplasm.
- Bound Ribosomes: Make proteins used in the cell membrane, or those secreted from the cell.
Types of Microscopes
- Compound Light Microscope: Uses light, affordable and easy to use
- Scanning Electron Microscope: Uses electrons; sees 3D surface of a sample
- Transmission Electron Microscope: Uses electrons; sees internal structures of a sample, but sample must be killed
Types of Cells
- Eukaryotic: Have membrane-enclosed organelles
- Prokaryotic: Do not have membrane-enclosed organelles
Plant Cell Structure and Functions
- Large central vacuole: Stores water, provides turgor pressure, for structural support.
- Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis.
- Cell Wall: Provides rigid structure external to the membrane.
Prokaryotic Structure
- Nucleoid Region: Region of DNA that is not a nucleus
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis, present in all cells, NOT membrane-bound
- Capsule: Sticky layer outside the cell wall, protecting and allowing adherence.
- Cell membrane: Separating outside environment from inside of the cell, controlling what goes in and out
- Cell Wall: Rigid structure outside of membrane, for support and protection
Cell Theory
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both share a cell membrane.
Phospholipid Structure
- Head: Hydrophilic (water-loving)
- Tail: Hydrophobic (water-fearing)
Molecular Interactions
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom.
- Van der Waals Forces: Weak interactions between molecules due to temporary charges.
Characteristics of Carbon
- Four valence electrons, allowing for formation of up to 4 covalent bonds
- Can form long chains, branched chains, or rings
- Forms backbone for many organic molecules
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (typically 1:2:1 ratio)
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars), e.g., glucose
- Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates), e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Lipids
- Fatty acids, composed of long chains of hydrocarbon molecules
- Fats: Provide long-term storage and energy
- Phospholipids: Main component of cellular membranes
- Steroids: Involved in hormone and other physiological processes
Enzyme Function
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Active sites: Specific regions on the enzyme where substrates bind.
- Enzymes are specific to the reaction they catalyze.
Saturation of Lipids
- Saturated fats: Have no double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain (solid at room temperature)
- Unsaturated fats: Have double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain (liquid at room temperature)
Denaturation of Proteins
- Denaturation refers to the loss of a protein's function due to unfolding of its structure. Caused by changes in temperature, pH, or salt concentration.
Cell Transport
-
Passive transport: Does not require energy; moves substances down the concentration gradient (high to low concentration).
- Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
-
Active transport: Requires energy; moves substances against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration).
- Ion pumps
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
Solution Types
- Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration. Water moves out.
- Isotonic: Equal solute concentration. Water moves equally.
- Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration. Water moves in.
Role of Vesicles and Transport
- Vesicles: Small membrane sacs used for transport within a cell.
- Endocytosis: Bringing molecules into the cell, by engulfing material.
- Exocytosis: Expelling materials from the cell
Cellular Respiration
- The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy (typically as ATP)
- Three stages:
- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- Fermentation (occurs without oxygen)
ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate
- Energy storage molecule in cells
- Releases energy by breaking bonds between phosphate groups
Cellular Energy
- Electron Carriers: (e.g., NADH) Involved in transferring high energy electrons
- ATP Cycle: Process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate
Photosynthesis
- The process of converting light energy to chemical energy
- Two main stages:
- Light-dependent reactions
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Cell Cycle
- Phases: G1, S, G2, M
Definitions
- Aerobic: Requires oxygen
- Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of cell theory and the characteristics of lipids including their role and structure. This quiz covers essential discoveries in cell biology and the importance of various types of lipids. Perfect for students studying introductory biology.
