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Which of the following lists the levels of organization of the body in order of least complex to most complex.
Which of the following lists the levels of organization of the body in order of least complex to most complex.
What is the function of mitochondria?
What is the function of mitochondria?
Provides energy to the cell
Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?
Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?
Ribosome
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What cellular structure provides structure, shape, and movement to the cell?
What cellular structure provides structure, shape, and movement to the cell?
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the definition of metabolism?
What is the definition of metabolism?
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Which of the following is not included in homeostatic mechanisms?
Which of the following is not included in homeostatic mechanisms?
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Sweating during exercise or exposure to heat is an example of a homeostatic mechanism.
Sweating during exercise or exposure to heat is an example of a homeostatic mechanism.
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What structures directly cause change in the body to maintain homeostasis?
What structures directly cause change in the body to maintain homeostasis?
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Positive feedback causes conditions in the body to move away from the normal state.
Positive feedback causes conditions in the body to move away from the normal state.
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What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
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What is a section that divides an organ into left and right portions called?
What is a section that divides an organ into left and right portions called?
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The feet are ______ to the knees.
The feet are ______ to the knees.
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The eyes are ________ to the ears.
The eyes are ________ to the ears.
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Describe anatomical position.
Describe anatomical position.
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What is the relationship between the anterior and posterior directions?
What is the relationship between the anterior and posterior directions?
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What region of the body is described by the term "Lumbar"?
What region of the body is described by the term "Lumbar"?
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What is another name for the head region of the body?
What is another name for the head region of the body?
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What term applies to the arm?
What term applies to the arm?
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What term applies to the fingers or toes?
What term applies to the fingers or toes?
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What anatomical term applies to the foot?
What anatomical term applies to the foot?
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The ankle is referred to as what anatomical region?
The ankle is referred to as what anatomical region?
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Which of the following is not one of the four types of tissues found in the body?
Which of the following is not one of the four types of tissues found in the body?
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Epithelial tissue has many functions, including:
Epithelial tissue has many functions, including:
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Tissue that forms the inner lining of passages in the respiratory tract is characterized by:
Tissue that forms the inner lining of passages in the respiratory tract is characterized by:
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What type of epithelium makes up the outermost layer of the skin?
What type of epithelium makes up the outermost layer of the skin?
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What type of tissue are tendons and ligaments primarily composed of?
What type of tissue are tendons and ligaments primarily composed of?
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Which body system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and disease-fighting cells around the body?
Which body system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and disease-fighting cells around the body?
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What is not true about connective tissues?
What is not true about connective tissues?
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Which of the following is not a type of muscle tissue?
Which of the following is not a type of muscle tissue?
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Where is smooth muscle found?
Where is smooth muscle found?
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What type of epithelium is a single layer of flattened cells?
What type of epithelium is a single layer of flattened cells?
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What type of epithelium lines the stomach?
What type of epithelium lines the stomach?
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What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
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What type of epithelium lines the air sacs in the lungs?
What type of epithelium lines the air sacs in the lungs?
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What type of epithelium makes up the skin?
What type of epithelium makes up the skin?
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What type of epithelium lines the kidney tubules?
What type of epithelium lines the kidney tubules?
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Which connective tissue fibers are the thickest and strongest, with high tensile strength?
Which connective tissue fibers are the thickest and strongest, with high tensile strength?
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Where would you find elastic cartilage?
Where would you find elastic cartilage?
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What organ is not part of the digestive system?
What organ is not part of the digestive system?
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The mouth is distal to the nose.
The mouth is distal to the nose.
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Epithelial cells are classified by shape and layers.
Epithelial cells are classified by shape and layers.
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The cells of epithelial tissue are spread far apart from each other.
The cells of epithelial tissue are spread far apart from each other.
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Areolar connective tissue binds skin to underlying muscles and bone.
Areolar connective tissue binds skin to underlying muscles and bone.
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Bone and blood are types of connective tissue.
Bone and blood are types of connective tissue.
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Chondrocytes live in chambers called lacunae.
Chondrocytes live in chambers called lacunae.
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Chondrocytes produce a thick gel-like ground substance in its extracellular matrix making a rigid connective tissue.
Chondrocytes produce a thick gel-like ground substance in its extracellular matrix making a rigid connective tissue.
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Intervertebral discs that separate bones of the spine are made of hyaline cartilage.
Intervertebral discs that separate bones of the spine are made of hyaline cartilage.
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Loose connective tissue stores fat, lightly binds tissues and provides a flexible framework to organs.
Loose connective tissue stores fat, lightly binds tissues and provides a flexible framework to organs.
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Which body system is comprised of glands, secretes hormones, and acts as a homeostatic control center?
Which body system is comprised of glands, secretes hormones, and acts as a homeostatic control center?
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What two body systems work together to provide movement of the body?
What two body systems work together to provide movement of the body?
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Why are human anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?
Why are human anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?
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What is not a function of the skin?
What is not a function of the skin?
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What type of cells make up the majority of the epidermis?
What type of cells make up the majority of the epidermis?
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What is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from outermost to innermost?
What is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from outermost to innermost?
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Which layer of the skin contains the accessory structures, such as hair follicles and glands?
Which layer of the skin contains the accessory structures, such as hair follicles and glands?
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What does the human integumentary system include?
What does the human integumentary system include?
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Study Notes
Levels of Body Organization
- Body organization progresses from organelles to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems.
Cell Organelles & Functions
- Mitochondria: Provide the cell with energy.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages substances for secretion.
- Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, structure, and movement.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates.
Metabolism & Homeostasis
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions within the body.
- Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions.
- Negative Feedback: Mechanisms that return body conditions to normal. (e.g., sweating)
- Positive Feedback: Mechanisms that move conditions away from normal. (e.g., childbirth)
- Effectors: Directly cause the changes needed to maintain homeostasis.
Anatomical Directions & Planes
- Anatomical Position: Standing upright, arms at sides, palms forward, feet forward.
- Superior/Inferior: Above/Below
- Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back
- Medial/Lateral: Towards the midline/Away from the midline.
- Proximal/Distal: Closer to the point of attachment/Further from the point of attachment.
- Transverse Plane: Divides superior/inferior.
- Sagittal Plane: Divides into left and right.
Body Regions
- Lumbar: Lower back
- Cephalic: Head
- Brachial: Arm
- Digital: Fingers/Toes
- Pedal: Foot
- Tarsal: Ankle
- Costal: Ribs
Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue: Protection, excretion, sensation, absorption. Epithelial cells are tightly packed, covering surfaces and lining cavities.
- Connective Tissue: Binds and supports tissues & organs; includes bone, blood, and cartilage; cells are spread apart with a matrix. Cells are not tightly packed.
- Muscle Tissue: Movement; categorized as skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
- Nervous Tissue: Communication; transmits electrical impulses.
Examples of Tissue Types and Locations
- Simple squamous epithelium: Lungs (air sacs), blood vessels.
- Stratified squamous epithelium: Skin (outermost layer).
- Simple cuboidal epithelium: Kidney tubules, glands.
- Simple columnar epithelium: Stomach, intestines.
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: Lining of respiratory passages.
- Transitional epithelium: Urinary bladder.
Connective Tissue Fibers
- Collagen fibers: Strongest, most abundant, high tensile strength.
- Elastic fibers: Flexible, allow tissues to stretch and recoil.
Body Systems
- Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, wastes.
- Digestive System: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients; does not include the spleen.
- Skeletal/Muscular System: Movement
- Endocrine System: Hormone secretion, main homeostatic control center.
Integumentary System
- Functions of the skin: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion.
- Epidermal layers (outermost to innermost): Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum(thick skin only), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.
- Dermis: Contains accessory structures (hair follicles, glands).
- Hypodermis (Subcutaneous): Adipose tissue; not part of the integument.
- Keratinization: Epidermal cells become tough, waterproof.
- Melanocytes: Produce melanin, pigment that darkens skin.
- Hair/Nails: Structures derived from the epidermis.
Specific Tissues and Cell Types
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells housed in lacunae.
- Hyaline Cartilage: Not found in intervertebral discs.
Additional Notes
- The epidermis does not contain blood vessels.
- Melanocytes lie in the stratum basale.
- Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) release perspiration.
- Sebaceous glands secrete sebum (oil).
- Apocrine sweat glands become active at puberty.
- The skin colors, such as cyanosis arise from the reduced blood flow(oxygen levels).
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Description
Explore the levels of body organization from organelles to organ systems. This quiz covers essential concepts such as cell functions, metabolism, homeostasis, and anatomical directions. Test your knowledge on how these components interact to maintain life in organisms.
