Questions and Answers
A protein is made up of a chain of __________.
amino acids
What determines a protein's function?
The sequence of amino acids and the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein.
What do you think would happen to the function of a protein in a denatured state?
An unfolded protein does not have a three-dimensional shape and so will not be able to function.
State two ways by which a person can be deficient in antithrombin activity.
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"A gene contains many chromosomes. Each chromosome encodes a protein." Is this statement accurate? If not, explain why not, and rewrite it to make it correct.
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What is the final product of gene expression?
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Where does the RNA Polymerase act in the process of gene expression in a eukaryotic cell?
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Where does the Ribosome act in the process of gene expression in a eukaryotic cell?
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Where does the tRNA act in the process of gene expression in a eukaryotic cell?
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Where does the mRNA act in the process of gene expression in a eukaryotic cell?
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What is the product of transcription?
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A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG. What is the sequence of the complementary RNA?
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Why is recombinant protein production in milk of transgenic animals an efficient strategy?
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In an antithrombin-producing transgenic goat: Is the antithrombin gene construct present in every cell, or only in mammary cells?
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In an antithrombin-producing transgenic goat: Is the antithrombin gene construct expressed in every cell, or only in mammary cells?
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Study Notes
Proteins and Their Composition
- Proteins consist of chains of amino acids.
- The function of a protein is determined by two main factors: the sequence of amino acids and its three-dimensional folded shape.
Protein Denaturation
- Heating a protein can lead to denaturation, causing it to unfold.
- An unfolded protein lacks a three-dimensional shape, rendering it non-functional.
Antithrombin Activity Deficiency
- Deficiency in antithrombin activity can occur due to mutations in the regulatory sequence, affecting gene expression.
- Mutations in the coding sequence can alter the amino acid sequence, potentially reducing protein activity due to a different shape.
Genes and Chromosomes
- Genes are present on chromosomes, and each gene encodes one or more proteins.
- A more accurate statement: "A chromosome contains many genes. Each gene encodes one or more proteins."
Gene Expression Outcomes
- The final product of gene expression is a protein.
- RNA Polymerase acts in the nucleus during gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
- Ribosomes function in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs.
RNA and tRNA Roles
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) operates in the cytoplasm, assisting in the translation process.
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized in the nucleus through transcription and is involved in translation in the cytoplasm.
Transcription Products
- The product of transcription is a single-stranded mRNA, not a chromosome.
- Complementary RNA sequence for the DNA sequence ATCGATTG is UAGCUAAC.
Recombinant Protein Production
- Producing recombinant proteins in the milk of transgenic animals is efficient due to several factors:
- Milk is a non-invasive secretory product.
- Large quantities of milk can be produced.
- Mammary glands naturally secrete large amounts of proteins into milk.
- Milk collection is easier compared to other bodily secretions.
Transgenic Goat Antithrombin Production
- In transgenic goats designed to produce antithrombin, the gene construct is present in every cell because it is introduced at the embryo stage.
- However, the antithrombin gene construct is expressed only in mammary cells due to its specific regulatory region for mammary expression.
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Description
Test your knowledge on proteins and their functions with this quiz based on Chapter 8: Genes to Proteins. Explore key concepts such as the structure of proteins, the importance of amino acids, and the effects of heating on protein function. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of molecular biology.
