Biology Chapter 5 - Nervous and Skeletal Systems

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Questions and Answers

What effect would blocking sensory input to the spinal cord have?

Motor output to the brain is blocked

Motor output from the spinal cord is blocked (correct)

The brain would not be able to communicate with the spinal cord

None of the above

Which of the following statements about dendrites is accurate?

They carry impulses away from the cell body

They are usually surrounded by myelin

They are the primary component of the myelin sheath

They are usually highly branched (correct)

What function do axons primarily serve in the nervous system?

They facilitate blood flow to neurons

They carry nerve impulses toward the cell body

They carry nerve impulses away from the cell body (correct)

They connect neurons within the same brain region

Which type of glial cell transforms into a microbe-eating cell during inflammation?

Microglia Signup and view all the answers

Cells that transmit impulses toward the central nervous system are referred to as:

Afferent neurons Signup and view all the answers

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?

Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin did the patient cut to have bled slightly?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a cerebellar tumor would likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Impaired balance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about afferent neurons is true?

They relay information from the body to the central nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following landmarks is NOT associated with the occipital bone?

Sella turcica Signup and view all the answers

Red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone composing the:

Epiphyses Signup and view all the answers

Posteriorly, coxal bones articulate with:

Sacrum Signup and view all the answers

Bone-forming cells are called _, whereas bone-resorbing cells are called _.

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the pubic arch of females is generally:

Greater than 130 degrees Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal system function of hematopoiesis refers to the:

Process of blood cell formation Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the maintenance of a stable internal environment?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feedback loop is responsible for the rapid increase in uterine contractions before childbirth?

Positive Signup and view all the answers

In which order do the levels of organization progress from simplest to most complex?

Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system Signup and view all the answers

Impulses from the receptors for smell are carried to the brain by which nerve?

Olfactory nerve Signup and view all the answers

At what level of organization does a tooth belong?

Organ level Signup and view all the answers

What discipline involves the microscopic examination of tissue specimens?

Histology Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct visual pathway from the retina to the brain?

Photoreceptors, optic nerve, optic chiasm, thalamus, occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

In a feedback loop, which component directly affects the regulated condition?

The effector Signup and view all the answers

An infection that damages the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve could result in a loss of which functionality?

Equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct pathway for sound waves from the ear to the brain?

Auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, cochlear nerve, temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the feedback loop detects changes in the regulated condition?

The sensor Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of organization levels in the human body?

Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not part of the correct auditory pathway?

Optic chiasm Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for secreting matrix during the ossification process?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue features collagen fibers arranged parallel to each other with fibroblasts located between the fibers?

Dense regular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

In a young individual, where is cartilage present that allows continued skeletal growth?

Epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

Which two proteins compose myofilaments?

Actin, myosin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized function of the skin?

Transportation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of muscles, besides movement and posture?

Heat production Signup and view all the answers

What difficulty would a patient with a low number of sudoriferous glands most likely experience?

Thermoregulation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the epidermis is incorrect?

It is composed mostly of connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for vasoconstriction in blood vessels?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of organization in skeletal muscle from the smallest to the largest unit?

Myofilament, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding the dermis?

It contains the stratum germinativum. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscular disease is characterized by the immune system attacking muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT found in the dermis of the skin?

Melanocytes, which give the skin color Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts play in bone health?

They break down old bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the dermis?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a small cut through the skin that bleeds slightly, which layer of skin has likely been affected?

Epidermis and dermis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Homeostasis Definition

Maintaining a relatively constant internal environment is defined as homeostasis.

Feedback Loop Types

Positive feedback loops cause rapid increases in uterine contractions before birth.
Negative feedback loops are not involved in this uterine contractions.

Levels of Organization

The correct order of increasing complexity is: chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system.

Tooth Organization Level

A tooth is at the organ level of organization.

Microscopic Tissue Examination

Microscopic examination of frozen tissue specimens is a histology application.

Feedback Loop Part

The effector part of a feedback loop directly influences the regulated condition.

Sensor in Feedback Loop

The sensor detects and responds to changes in the regulated condition.

Human Body Organization

The correct sequence from lowest to highest level of human body organization is: sodium, neurons, nervous tissue, brain, nervous system, human.

Chemical Bond Type

Covalent bonds involve electron sharing to fill outermost energy levels.

Blood pH

Blood pH is slightly alkaline, ranging from 7.35 to 7.47.

Electron Location

Electrons are found at various distances from the nucleus in energy levels.

Shared Electron Bonds

Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared.

Water Molecules Bond Type

Hydrogen bonds create weak bonds between water molecules.

Cell Power Plant

Mitochondria are the "power plants" of cells, increasing in number with a higher ATP demand.

Human Cell Reproduction

Human cells reproduce through mitosis.

DNA Replication

DNA replication creates identical DNA molecules prior to cell division.

Water Movement

Osmosis is the movement of water from a high concentration area to a low concentration area through a selectively permeable membrane.

Diffusion Influences

Diffusion across cell membranes is influenced by ion charge, lipid solubility, and membrane channels.

Epithelial Tissue Subdivision

Epithelial tissues are categorized by cell shape and arrangement.

Stress-Resistant Epithelial Tissue

Stratified transitional epithelium is found in body areas under stress and able to stretch.

Intercalated Disks

Cardiac muscle tissue is characterized by intercalated disks.

Simple Squamous Epithelium Location

Simple squamous epithelium is found in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Dense regular connective tissue is comprised of parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts are located between them.

Skin Function

A skin function that is NOT included is transportation.

Sudoriferous Glands and Thermoregulation

A low number of sudoriferous (sweat) glands would make a person's thermoregulation challenging.

Epidermis Characteristics

The epidermis is a cutaneous membrane, consists of the stratum germinativum, and is the outermost skin layer. But it's mostly not composed of connective tissue.

Dermis Components

The dermis contains connective tissue, nerve endings, and sweat glands,. But the stratum germinativum is in the epidermis, not the dermis.

Dermis Absence

Melanocytes, which provide skin color, are not present in the dermis.

Bleeding Layer

The dermis layer of skin is the source of bleeding from a small cut.

Occipital Bone Landmarks

The sella turcica is not a landmark of the occipital bone.

Bone Marrow Location

Red bone marrow is situated in the epiphyses of bones.

Coxal Bones Articulation

Posteriorly, coxal bones articulate with the sacrum.

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts form bone, while osteoclasts reabsorb bone.

Female Pelvic Arch

The female pubic arch is typically wider than 90 degrees.

Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis, a skeletal function, is the process of blood cell formation.

Bone Building Cells

Osteoblasts are primarily responsible for bone matrix secretion during ossification.

Epiphyseal Plate

The epiphyseal plate is cartilage where bone growth occurs before puberty.

Muscle Proteins

Actin and myosin compose myofilaments.

Muscle Functions

Muscles facilitate movement, maintain posture (muscle tone), and generate heat.

Blood Vessel Muscle Type

Smooth muscle is present in blood vessel walls, producing vasoconstriction.

Skeletal Muscle Organization

The correct order, from smallest to largest, is: myofilament, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle.

Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by the immune system targeting muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction.

Inspiration Muscle

The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in inhalation.

Hip Injection Site

The gluteus medius is a common injection site in the hip region.

Motor Nerves

Motor neurons transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.

Nerve Impulses

Action potentials are nerve impulses characterized by changes in charge across the cell membrane.

Multiple Sclerosis Neuroglia

Damage to oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with multiple sclerosis.

Epidural Anesthesia Location

Epidural anesthesia is administered between the dura mater and the vertebral bones.

Dorsal Root Damage

Damaging the dorsal root of a spinal nerve prevents sensory input to the spinal cord.

Dendrite Features

Dendrites, the neuron extensions, are typically extensive and branched.

Axon Function

Axons transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Microglia Function

Microglia transform into microbe-eating cells in inflamed brain tissue.

Sensory Neurons (Afferent)

Afferent neurons carry impulses toward the central nervous system.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Location

Cerebrospinal fluid is located between the arachnoid and pia mater.

Cerebellum Tumor Symptom

A cerebellum tumor often causes balance impairment.

Vision Loss and Head Injury

Damage to the occipital lobe can cause vision loss after a head injury.

Emergency Nervous System Division

The sympathetic nervous system operates as the body's emergency system.

Autonomic Nervous System Subdivision

The peripheral nervous system is the subdivision containing the autonomic nervous system.

Voluntary Muscle Coordination

The cerebellum regulates voluntary muscle action.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a condition characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep.

Neurotransmitter Exclusion

Aldosterone is not a neurotransmitter.

Vital Centers Location

The medulla oblongata contains the vital control centers.

Tic Douloureux Synonym

Trigeminal neuralgia is a synonym for tic douloureux.

Chickenpox and Shingles

A person who's never had chickenpox is more likely to contract shingles.

Nerve Composition

A nerve is a group of peripheral axons.

Cranial Nerve X Function

Cranial nerve X innervates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems in the thorax and abdomen.

Pain Receptor Activation

Nociceptors are triggered by pain or physical damage.

Otosclerosis and Tinnitus

Otosclerosis often starts as tinnitus (ringing in the ears) in early adulthood or childhood.

Glaucoma Cause

Glaucoma arises from abnormal aqueous humor buildup within the eye.

Leading Cause of Elderly Blindness

Macular degeneration is the primary reason for permanent blindness in older adults.

Night Blindness Condition

Nyctalopia is also known as night blindness.

Smell Impulses Pathway

Olfactory nerves carry smell impulses to the brain.

Visual Pathway

The correct visual pathway: photoreceptors, optic nerve, optic chiasm, thalamus, occipital lobe.

Vestibular Nerve Damage

Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve may result in equilibrium issues.

Sound Wave Pathway

The correct sound wave pathway: auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, cochlear nerve, temporal lobe.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the nervous and skeletal systems in this comprehensive quiz. It covers crucial topics such as sensory input, neuron functions, glial cells, and anatomical landmarks. Ideal for students studying biology or human anatomy.