Biology Chapter 5: Nervous and Digestive Systems
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Questions and Answers

What does homeostasis primarily ensure in the body?

  • Enhancement of sensory perception
  • Increase in body temperature
  • Maximization of energy production
  • State of balance for cell survival (correct)

Which part of the brain is responsible for initiating automatic functions such as heart rate and breathing?

  • Brain Stem (correct)
  • Cerebellum
  • Spinal Cord
  • Cerebrum

Which structure functions as the main information highway for the nervous system?

  • Neurons
  • Brain Stem
  • Spinal Cord (correct)
  • Cerebellum

How does the nervous system respond to stimuli?

<p>By enabling behavioral changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebellum play in the nervous system?

<p>Coordination of movement and balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily controlled by the endocrine system?

<p>Metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones reach their target cells in the body?

<p>Through the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

<p>Immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?

<p>Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

<p>It moves food from the throat to the stomach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the stomach during digestion?

<p>Churning and mixing food with digestive juices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the liver in the digestive process?

<p>It stores and releases nutrients into the bloodstream as needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

<p>To absorb water and form feces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rectum do in the digestive system?

<p>It holds stool until it is evacuated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the gallbladder play in digestion?

<p>It stores bile and releases it into the intestine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the integumentary system?

<p>Formation of blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a ligament?

<p>Connects bone to bone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

<p>Absorbs shock and reduces friction between bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

<p>Produces enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily excretes carbon dioxide from the blood?

<p>Lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the kidneys in the excretory system?

<p>Filter wastes and excess water from the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the circulatory system is made of cardiac muscles?

<p>Heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the urinary system stores urine until it is expelled from the body?

<p>Urinary bladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood does the heart transport away from the lungs?

<p>Oxygen-rich blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood do arteries typically carry?

<p>Oxygen-rich blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a function of blood?

<p>It delivers nutrients to the cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the chambers of the heart called?

<p>Atria and ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Exchange valuable nutrients with cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the structure of the heart?

<p>The heart has two sides, each with an atrium and a ventricle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

<p>To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell leaves the bloodstream to assist in tissue repair?

<p>White blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step does oxygen transfer from the lungs to the circulatory system?

<p>Oxygen goes from the lungs to the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play in the body?

<p>Help stop bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the waste product that is removed from the body during the respiratory process?

<p>Carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

<p>It contracts, reducing chest cavity pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization take place in the female reproductive system?

<p>In the fallopian tubes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that develops after the zygote implants into the uterine lining?

<p>Embryo. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during exhalation?

<p>Chest cavity pressure increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone-related function is performed by the ovaries?

<p>Producing ovum and female sex hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange with the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the epiglottis play during swallowing?

<p>It covers the trachea to prevent food entry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the voice production?

<p>Larynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the diaphragm contracting during inhalation?

<p>It expands the chest cavity and lowers pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of oxygen through the respiratory system?

<p>Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon dioxide in the respiratory system?

<p>It is exhaled after being collected from cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the bronchi contribute to the respiratory system?

<p>They connect the trachea to the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the nasal cavity?

<p>Exchanging gases with the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

The body's stable internal environment, necessary for cell survival.

Stimulus

A change in the environment that triggers a response.

Nervous System Function

Controls body functions and responses to changes.

Spinal Cord

Connects the brain to the body, carries signals.

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Cerebrum

Part of the brain that controls higher thinking.

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Endocrine system function

Controls body functions like metabolism, mood, growth, and sexual development.

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Hormone definition

Chemical messengers secreted by glands into the bloodstream.

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Involuntary muscle movement

Muscle movement that happens automatically, without your conscious control.

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Voluntary muscle movement

Muscle movement controlled by your brain.

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Types of muscles

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal: smooth and cardiac are involuntary; skeletal muscles are voluntary.

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Digestion

The process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller ones for absorption.

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Peristalsis

The rhythmic contractions of muscles in the esophagus that move food towards the stomach.

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Chyme

The thick, liquid mixture of partially digested food created in the stomach.

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Small Intestine's Role

The main site for nutrient breakdown and absorption into the bloodstream.

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Liver's Digestive Function

Stores and releases nutrients into the bloodstream based on the body's needs, aiding in chemical digestion.

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Gallbladder's Role

The gallbladder stores and releases bile, an enzyme that helps break down fats in the small intestine during chemical digestion.

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Pancreas Function

The pancreas produces enzymes, which are chemicals that break down food into smaller molecules, facilitating chemical digestion.

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Skin's Protection

The skin, our largest organ, acts as a barrier, preventing microorganisms from entering the body and shielding us from harm.

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Skeletal System Purpose

The skeleton provides framework, support, and protection for the body, allowing movement and facilitating essential functions.

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Connective Tissue: Tendon

A tendon is a tough cord of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone, enabling movement.

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Heart Function

The heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and then pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

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Veins vs. Arteries

Veins carry blood towards the heart, usually oxygen-poor, while arteries carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygen-rich.

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Capillary Function

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged between the blood and the body's cells.

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Blood Components

Blood is made up of cells and cell parts, like red blood cells for oxygen transport, carried in a liquid called plasma.

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What does blood do?

Blood carries oxygen to your body cells, removes waste, delivers nutrients, and fights infection.

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Red blood cells

They don't have nuclei but contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells.

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What does the excretory system remove?

The excretory system removes waste products from the body, including excess water, urea, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts. It helps maintain the body's internal balance.

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White blood cells

They have a nucleus and leave the blood to fight disease in damaged tissues.

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What are the organs of the excretory system?

The excretory system includes organs like the skin, lungs, large intestine, and the urinary system. Each organ plays a specific role in removing waste.

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What is the urinary system?

The urinary system is a key part of the excretory system that filters blood, collects waste in the form of urine, and eliminates it from the body.

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Platelets

These are small fragments that help stop bleeding by plugging holes in blood vessels.

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Respiratory System Function

To bring oxygen into the body and cells, and to remove carbon dioxide from the body and cells.

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What does the circulatory system transport?

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is like the body's transportation network. It carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste products from every cell in the body.

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How does oxygen reach the cells?

  1. Oxygen is breathed in. 2. It goes from the lungs to the blood. 3. The blood carries it to the cells. 4. The oxygen is delivered to the cell.
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What are the main parts of the circulatory system?

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood, the blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, and blood transports nutrients and oxygen.

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What causes air to flow into the lungs?

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity. This decreases the pressure inside the chest compared to outside air pressure, causing air to flow in.

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How does exhaling work?

Exhaling occurs when the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing the chest cavity volume. This increases the pressure inside the chest above the outside air pressure, forcing air out of the lungs.

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What are ovaries responsible for?

Ovaries are female reproductive organs that produce eggs (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and female sexual development.

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What are testes responsible for?

Testes are male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone, the hormone responsible for male sexual development.

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What happens during fertilization?

Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell and an egg cell meet and combine in the fallopian tubes, forming a zygote.

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Nasal Cavity

The entry point for air into the respiratory system, lined with mucus to filter, warm, and moisten the air.

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Pharynx

The area where the mouth and nasal cavity meet, allowing air to pass through during mouth breathing.

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Trachea

The main airway that carries air to the lungs, reinforced with cartilage rings to stay open.

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Larynx

The voice box made of cartilage that vibrates when air passes over it, creating sound.

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Epiglottis

A flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airways.

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Bronchi

Two tubes branching off the trachea, leading to the lungs, and further branching into smaller tubes.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is released.

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Diaphragm's role in Breathing

A dome-shaped muscle that contracts to draw air into the lungs (inhale) and relaxes to push air out (exhale).

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