Questions and Answers
Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter.
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
What is the single most abundant material or substance in living matter?
Water
What trace element is most important for making bones hard?
Calcium
What element found in small amounts in the body is needed to make hemoglobin for oxygen transport?
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Name five functions common to all cells.
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List three different cell shapes.
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What fluid is similar to seawater that surrounds and bathes all body cells?
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What type of cells are flattened, important in protection against damage, and fit together like tiles?
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What is the carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface called?
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What is the non-polar region of a phospholipid molecule known as?
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Does nonpolar mean hydrophobic?
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What are two roles of the membrane proteins?
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Name the engulfment processes that require ATP.
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What process is driven by molecular energy?
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What process is driven by hydrostatic (fluid) pressure?
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What process moves down a concentration gradient?
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What process moves up (against) a concentration gradient and requires a carrier?
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What process moves small or lipid-soluble solutes through the membrane?
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What process transports amino acids and Na+ through the plasma membrane?
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Give examples of vesicular transport.
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What is a means of bringing relatively large particles into the cell?
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What is used to eject wastes and to secrete cell products?
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What kind of membrane transport uses channels or carrier proteins that do not require ATP?
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What tissue provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagenic fibers and is found in tendons?
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What type of tissue acts as a storage depot for fat?
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What tissue composes the dermis of the skin?
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What type of tissue forms the body skeleton?
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What type of tissue composes the basement membrane and packages organs?
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What type of tissue forms the embryonic skeleton and the surfaces of bones at the joints?
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What type of tissue provides insulation for the body?
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What type of tissue features a structurally amorphous matrix, heavily invaded with fibers, appearing glassy and smooth?
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What contains cells arranged concentrically around a nutrient canal with a hard matrix due to calcium salts?
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What forms the stroma or internal 'skeleton' of lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs?
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What is the nonspecific response of the body to injury?
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Intact capillaries near an injury dilate, leaking plasma, blood cells, and what, which causes the blood to clot?
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During the first phase of tissue repair, capillary buds invade the clot, forming a delicate pink tissue called what?
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When damage is not too severe, the surface epithelium migrates beneath the dry scab and across the surface of granulation tissue. This repair process is called what?
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If tissue damage is very severe, tissue repair is more likely to occur by what, or scarring?
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During fibrosis, fibroblasts in the granulation tissue lay down what fibers, which form a strong, compact, but inflexible mass?
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The repair of cardiac muscle and nervous tissue occurs mainly by what?
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What tissue forms mucous, serous, and epidermal membranes?
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What tissue allows for organ movements within the body?
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What tissue transmits electrochemical impulses?
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What tissue supports body organs?
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What type of tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances?
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What tissue is the basis of the major controlling system of the body?
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The cells of which tissue shorten to exert force?
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What type of tissue forms hormones?
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What type of tissue packages and protects body organs?
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What type of tissue is characterized by having large amounts of nonliving matrix?
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What tissue allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and shoot an arrow?
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What is the most widely distributed tissue type in the body?
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What tissue forms the brain and spinal cord?
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What tissue lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis?
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What type of tissue forms the lining of the stomach and small intestine?
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Which type of tissue is best suited for areas subjected to friction?
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What tissue lines much of the respiratory tract?
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What tissue propels substances across its surface?
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What tissue is found in the bladder lining with peculiar cells that slide over one another?
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What type of tissue forms the thin serous membranes with a single layer of flattened cells?
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Study Notes
Key Elements of Living Matter
- Four primary elements constituting living matter: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen.
- Water serves as the most abundant substance in living organisms.
- Calcium is a vital trace element for bone hardness.
- Iron is essential for hemoglobin production, facilitating oxygen transport.
Cellular Functions and Structures
- Common functions of all cells: metabolism, reproduction, responsiveness, mobility, nutrient absorption, and waste excretion.
- Three basic cell shapes: cuboidal, disc, and branch.
Body Fluid and Cell Types
- Interstitial fluid, akin to seawater, bathes and surrounds all body cells.
- Squamous epithelial cells are flattened and provide protection against damage, resembling tiles.
Membrane Structure and Functions
- Glycocalyx refers to the carbohydrate-rich layer at the cell surface.
- Phospholipid molecules have non-polar lipid tails that are hydrophobic.
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
- Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic, meaning they do not mix well with water.
- Membrane proteins function as receptors and recognition sites.
- Energy-dependent processes: exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Passive transport driven by molecular energy includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
- Filtration is driven by hydrostatic fluid pressure, such as blood pressure.
Concentration Gradient in Transport
- Diffusion processes (simple, osmosis, facilitated) move substances down a concentration gradient.
- Active transport involves moving substances against a concentration gradient using a carrier.
Connective Tissue Types
- Dense fibrous connective tissue provides strength through collagen bundles, found in tendons.
- Adipose connective tissue acts as a fat storage depot, also providing insulation.
- Osseous tissue forms the body's skeleton, characterized by a hard matrix from calcium salts.
- Areolar connective tissue composes the basement membrane and has a gel-like matrix with various cell types.
- Hyaline cartilage is found in embryonic skeletons and joint surfaces, appears glassy and smooth.
- Reticular connective tissue forms the internal skeleton of lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen.
Healing and Tissue Repair
- Inflammation is a nonspecific bodily response to injury.
- Capillaries near injured areas dilate, leaking plasma and clotting proteins to form blood clots.
- Granulation tissue is formed during the initial repair phase, invaded by capillary buds.
- Regeneration occurs when surface epithelium migrates beneath a scab and over granulation tissue.
- Severe damage results in fibrosis, characterized by collagen fiber formation that leads to scar tissue.
Tissue Types and Functions
- Epithelial tissue forms mucous, serous, and epidermal membranes, enabling absorption and secretion.
- Muscle tissue allows organs to move and cells contract to exert force.
- Nervous tissue transmits electrochemical impulses and makes up the brain and spinal cord.
- Connective tissue packages, supports, and protects body organs, comprising a large nonliving matrix.
Specific Epithelial Characteristics
- Stratified squamous epithelium lines the skin and esophagus, suited for high-friction areas.
- Simple columnar epithelium lines the stomach and small intestine.
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, found in the respiratory tract, propels substances across its surface.
- Transitional epithelium is present in the bladder lining, allowing cells to slide over one another.
- Simple squamous epithelium forms thin serous membranes with a single layer of flattened cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential elements that compose living matter with these flashcards. This quiz covers important concepts such as the major elements, the most abundant substances in living organisms, and crucial trace elements like calcium.
