Biology Chapter 3: Chemistry of Life
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Questions and Answers

What is the charge of a proton?

  • Neutral
  • Variable
  • Negative
  • Positive (correct)

A molecule consists of two or more different elements bonded together.

False (B)

What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?

Covalent bond

In an ionic bond, a cation is an atom that _____ electrons.

<p>loses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of bonds to their descriptions:

<p>Ionic Bond = Electrons are transferred between atoms Covalent Bond = Electrons are shared between atoms Cation = Positively charged ion Anion = Negatively charged ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sweat gland is associated with the release of product by shedding cytoplasm?

<p>Apocrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Holocrine glands kill their own cells as they release substances.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one component of connective tissue.

<p>Cells, extracellular fibers, or ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cells that produce the matrix in connective tissue are called ______.

<p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of connective tissue fiber with its description:

<p>Collagen = Strong, flexible fibers that resist force in one direction Reticular = Network of interwoven fibers that stabilize structures Elastic = Branched fibers that return to original length after stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between anatomy and physiology?

<p>Anatomy is the study of composition and location, while physiology examines functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homeostasis requires only the control center to function effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative feedback loop in terms of homeostasis?

<p>A mechanism that counteracts the initial fluctuation in a physiological variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ level is the smallest unit of life that performs specific functions.

<p>cellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of organization with their descriptions:

<p>Organism level = Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis Organ system level = Group of organs that perform specific functions Tissue level = Groups of cells that perform a function Chemical level = Atoms combine to form molecules with complex shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during hypotonic conditions for a cell?

<p>The cell gains water and swells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active transport does not require energy (ATP).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

<p>To cover exposed surfaces, line internal passageways, and form glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In exocytosis, a _____ releases its content into the external environment.

<p>vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of epithelial tissue with their characteristics:

<p>Simple squamous = Adapted for absorption and diffusion Stratified squamous = Protects against attacks Cuboidal = Cube-shaped Columnar = Tall, slender hexagons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with neural tissue?

<p>Carrying electrical signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vascular tissue has its own blood vessels for nutrient supply.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of intercellular connection found in epithelial tissue.

<p>Gap junctions or Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine glands release their secretions into _____ fluid.

<p>interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

<p>To repair damaged cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the stratum basale?

<p>Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stratum lucidum is found in all areas of the skin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main functions of osteocytes?

<p>Maintain matrix locally and repair damaged bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ has 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells and is water resistant.

<p>stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of bone tissue with their functions:

<p>Osteoblasts = Secrete matrix compounds and assist in bone formation Osteoclasts = Break down bone tissue Osteocytes = Maintain and repair bone matrix Osteogenic cells = Give rise to osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the dermis provides support to epithelial tissue?

<p>Papillary layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the action potential in a neuron?

<p>The graded potential exceeds the threshold level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypodermis stabilizes skin and allows separation from underlying structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All action potentials are of varying magnitudes depending on the size of the graded potential.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sebaceous glands?

<p>Secrete sebum to lubricate the epidermis and inhibit bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nociceptors?

<p>They detect pain, including extreme temperatures and mechanical damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the central cavity of a long bone, which contains marrow.

<p>medullary cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of Na+ rushing into the cytoplasm during an action potential is called __________.

<p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The role of the hair matrix is to produce the hair structure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of sensory receptor with its function:

<p>Nociceptors = Detects pain and extreme temperatures Thermoreceptors = Detects temperature changes Chemoreceptors = Detects chemical changes Mechanoreceptors = Sensitive to mechanical deformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of K+ channels during an action potential?

<p>They help in the repolarization of the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrical synapses involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are thermoreceptors primarily located?

<p>In the dermis, skeletal muscles, and hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body. It focuses on the composition and location of body parts.

Physiology

The study of how the body functions. It explores how structures enable living processes.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves chemical and physical balance.

Negative Feedback Loop

A mechanism that counteracts changes in the body. It brings a variable back to its set point.

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Positive Feedback Loop

A mechanism that amplifies changes in the body, moving it further away from its set point. It is less common than negative feedback.

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What is a proton?

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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What is an electron?

A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom in an electron cloud.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions (cations and anions).

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Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

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What is a compound?

A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together.

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Apocrine Sweat Glands

Sweat glands that release secretions by shedding cytoplasm from the cell, leaving a portion of the cell behind.

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Holocrine Sweat Glands

Sweat glands that release secretions by the entire cell bursting and dying; the gland cell is then replaced by stem cells.

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Connective Tissue Components

Connective tissue is made up of three main parts: cells, extracellular fibers, and ground substance.

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Fibroblasts

The most common type of cell in connective tissue, responsible for producing the extracellular matrix, which provides structural support.

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Collagen Fibers

Long, straight, unbranched fibers that provide strength and flexibility, resistant to force in one direction.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell. Water moves into the cell through osmosis, causing it to swell.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell. Water moves out of the cell through osmosis, causing it to shrink.

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What's the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Facilitated diffusion is passive transport that uses carrier proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

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Endocytosis

A process where the cell membrane engulfs material from the outside, forming a vesicle that brings it inside the cell.

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Exocytosis

A process where a vesicle inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane, releasing its contents to the outside.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell, allowing for growth, development, and repair.

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Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, and forms glands. It's primarily composed of cells, exhibits polarity, attaches to a basement membrane, lacks blood vessels, and regenerates readily.

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Types of Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissues are classified based on their shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and arrangement (simple, stratified).

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Intercellular Connections

Structures that connect and communicate between epithelial cells. These include gap junctions for rapid communication and desmosomes for structural support.

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Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts. Exocrine glands release secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts.

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Action Potential

A rapid, short-lasting change in membrane potential that travels along the axon of a neuron. It's an all-or-none event, meaning it either occurs fully or not at all.

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Depolarization

The process where the inside of a neuron becomes less negative (more positive), moving closer to the threshold for an action potential.

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Repolarization

The process where the membrane potential returns to its resting state after depolarization, becoming more negative again.

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Threshold

The minimum level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential.

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Synaptic Activity

The communication between neurons or between a neuron and another cell (like a muscle or gland).

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Electrical Synapse

A type of synapse where neurons are directly connected by gap junctions, allowing ions to flow freely between them.

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Chemical Synapse

A type of synapse where neurons communicate through neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft.

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Nociceptors

Sensory receptors that detect pain, responding to stimuli like extreme temperatures, mechanical damage, and chemicals from injured cells.

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Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, containing stem cells (basal cells) that divide to produce new skin cells. It's responsible for anchoring the epidermis to the dermis.

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Stratum Spinosum

A layer in the epidermis where cells are actively dividing and producing keratin. Its spiny appearance is due to cell connections.

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Stratum Granulosum

A layer in the epidermis where cells stop dividing and begin producing proteins like keratin and keratohyalin, essential for skin's protective barrier.

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Stratum Lucidum

A clear, thin layer found only in thick skin (like palms and soles), composed of dead cells that further contribute to the skin's protective barrier.

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Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead, keratinized cells that shed and are replaced regularly. It acts as the skin's primary barrier.

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Papillary Layer

A layer of the dermis that interacts directly with the epidermis. Its finger-like projections contain capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory nerves.

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Reticular Layer

The deeper layer of the dermis, responsible for providing strength and flexibility to the skin. It also contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels.

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Hair Follicle

A structure within the dermis that surrounds the hair root. It's composed of epithelial and connective tissue and is responsible for hair growth.

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Sebaceous Glands

Glands in the skin that secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate and protect the skin.

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Sweat Glands

Glands in the skin that secrete sweat to help regulate body temperature.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Study Notes

  • Chapter 1 - Introduction:

    • Definition of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy studies composition and location, while physiology studies function.
    • Levels of organization: organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, and chemical level.
    • Homeostasis: a stable internal environment.
    • Receptor: monitors internal conditions.
    • Control center: processes info, sends instructions.
    • Effector: carries out instructions.
    • Negative feedback loop: a mechanism of homeostasis, a change in a physiological variable is counteracted, (opposite of initial change).
    • Positive feedback loop: amplifies a process.

  • Chapter 2 - Biochemistry:

    • Electron shells: Lowest, 2 electrons; 2nd, 8 electrons; 3rd, 8-18 electrons.
    • Molecules vs. compounds: Molecules are two or more atoms, compounds are two or more different atoms.
    • Types of bonds: ionic (opposite charges), covalent (shared electrons), and polar/non-polar (unequal/equal sharing).
    • Organic vs. Inorganic compounds. Organic: based on carbon; Inorganic: not based on carbon.
    • Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic: Hydrophilic substances mix well with water; hydrophobic substances do not mix well with water.
    • pH and the pH scale: Neutral pH (7.0), acidic (<7), basic (>7).

  • Chapter 3 - Cell Biology:

    • Plasma membrane functions: Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, and support.
    • Cytoskeleton:
      • Microfilaments: provide mechanical strength for muscles.
      • Intermediate filaments: strengthen cell and maintain shape.
      • Microtubules: strengthen cell and anchor organelles.
    • Microvilli: increase surface area, and allows for absorption and secretion.
    • Centrioles: involved in cell division.
    • Cilia: microscopic hair which create fluid movement along surfaces.
    • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis (Free vs. fixed).
    • Ribosomes function: fixed ribosomes attached to ER make proteins for secretion, free ribosomes make proteins for the cell.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Function: synthesis, storage, and modification of proteins and lipids.
      • Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not.
    • Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.
    • Lysosomes: breaks down cellular waste.
    • Mitochondria: produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
    • Nucleus: stores genetic material.

  • Chapter 4 - Tissues:

    • Epithelial tissue: covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. (characteristics: Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration).
    • Connective tissue: connects, supports, and protects other tissues. (elements: cells, fibers, ground substance). Common examples are collagen and elastic fibers and reticular fibers. Cells also can include fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells.
    • Muscle tissue: specialized for contraction. (types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth).
    • Neural tissue: specialized for electrical signaling. (components: neurons, neuroglia).

  • Chapter 5 - Integumentary System:

    • Cutaneous membrane: (layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis).
    • Epidermis: keratinocytes.
    • Dermis: papillary layer (upper) and reticular layer (lower)
    • Accessory structures: Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands.
    • Epidermis structure: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum (or lucidum in thick skin).

  • Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue:

    • Bone structure: Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), metaphysis.
    • Bone tissue types: compact, spongy
    • Bone cells types: Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
    • Bone formation processes (endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification).
    • Calcium regulation: Role of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin. Processes involve either increasing or decreasing calcium levels in the blood to maintain proper levels for bone health and function.

  • Chapter 9 - Muscle Tissue:

    • Three main types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
    • Skeletal muscle characteristics: striated, voluntary, multinucleated.
    • Cardiac muscle characteristics: striated, involuntary, single nucleus, intercalated disks.
    • Smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary, single nucleus.

  • Chapter 11 - Nervous Tissue:

    • Neurons: cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses. Specialized for communication.
    • Neural function: neuron communicate with one another using graded potentials and action potentials.
    • Neuroglia: support and nourish neurons (types differ between CNS and PNS).
    • Types of neurons: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons.

  • Chapter 13 - General Senses:

    • Types of receptors (nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors) and their functions.
    • Sensory pathways (how information is relayed).

  • Chapter 15 - Special Senses:

    • Olfaction: smell
    • Gustation: taste
    • Vision : structure and function of the eye. Light refraction, rods, cones, and the retina.
    • Hearing: structure of the ear, cochlea, semicircular canals, auditory ossicles.

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