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Questions and Answers
What is the charge of a proton?
What is the charge of a proton?
A molecule consists of two or more different elements bonded together.
A molecule consists of two or more different elements bonded together.
False
What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?
What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?
Covalent bond
In an ionic bond, a cation is an atom that _____ electrons.
In an ionic bond, a cation is an atom that _____ electrons.
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Match the types of bonds to their descriptions:
Match the types of bonds to their descriptions:
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What type of sweat gland is associated with the release of product by shedding cytoplasm?
What type of sweat gland is associated with the release of product by shedding cytoplasm?
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Holocrine glands kill their own cells as they release substances.
Holocrine glands kill their own cells as they release substances.
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Name one component of connective tissue.
Name one component of connective tissue.
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The cells that produce the matrix in connective tissue are called ______.
The cells that produce the matrix in connective tissue are called ______.
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Match the type of connective tissue fiber with its description:
Match the type of connective tissue fiber with its description:
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What is the primary difference between anatomy and physiology?
What is the primary difference between anatomy and physiology?
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Homeostasis requires only the control center to function effectively.
Homeostasis requires only the control center to function effectively.
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What is a negative feedback loop in terms of homeostasis?
What is a negative feedback loop in terms of homeostasis?
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The __________ level is the smallest unit of life that performs specific functions.
The __________ level is the smallest unit of life that performs specific functions.
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Match the following levels of organization with their descriptions:
Match the following levels of organization with their descriptions:
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What occurs during hypotonic conditions for a cell?
What occurs during hypotonic conditions for a cell?
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Active transport does not require energy (ATP).
Active transport does not require energy (ATP).
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What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
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In exocytosis, a _____ releases its content into the external environment.
In exocytosis, a _____ releases its content into the external environment.
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Match the types of epithelial tissue with their characteristics:
Match the types of epithelial tissue with their characteristics:
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Which function is primarily associated with neural tissue?
Which function is primarily associated with neural tissue?
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A vascular tissue has its own blood vessels for nutrient supply.
A vascular tissue has its own blood vessels for nutrient supply.
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Name one type of intercellular connection found in epithelial tissue.
Name one type of intercellular connection found in epithelial tissue.
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Endocrine glands release their secretions into _____ fluid.
Endocrine glands release their secretions into _____ fluid.
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What is the main purpose of mitosis?
What is the main purpose of mitosis?
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What is the main function of the stratum basale?
What is the main function of the stratum basale?
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The stratum lucidum is found in all areas of the skin.
The stratum lucidum is found in all areas of the skin.
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What are the two main functions of osteocytes?
What are the two main functions of osteocytes?
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The ______ has 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells and is water resistant.
The ______ has 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells and is water resistant.
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Match the following components of bone tissue with their functions:
Match the following components of bone tissue with their functions:
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Which layer of the dermis provides support to epithelial tissue?
Which layer of the dermis provides support to epithelial tissue?
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What triggers the action potential in a neuron?
What triggers the action potential in a neuron?
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The hypodermis stabilizes skin and allows separation from underlying structures.
The hypodermis stabilizes skin and allows separation from underlying structures.
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All action potentials are of varying magnitudes depending on the size of the graded potential.
All action potentials are of varying magnitudes depending on the size of the graded potential.
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What is the main function of sebaceous glands?
What is the main function of sebaceous glands?
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What is the function of nociceptors?
What is the function of nociceptors?
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The ______ is the central cavity of a long bone, which contains marrow.
The ______ is the central cavity of a long bone, which contains marrow.
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The process of Na+ rushing into the cytoplasm during an action potential is called __________.
The process of Na+ rushing into the cytoplasm during an action potential is called __________.
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The role of the hair matrix is to produce the hair structure.
The role of the hair matrix is to produce the hair structure.
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Match the type of sensory receptor with its function:
Match the type of sensory receptor with its function:
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What is the role of K+ channels during an action potential?
What is the role of K+ channels during an action potential?
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Electrical synapses involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft.
Electrical synapses involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft.
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Where are thermoreceptors primarily located?
Where are thermoreceptors primarily located?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology Study Notes
-
Chapter 1 - Introduction:
- Definition of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy studies composition and location, while physiology studies function.
- Levels of organization: organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, and chemical level.
- Homeostasis: a stable internal environment.
- Receptor: monitors internal conditions.
- Control center: processes info, sends instructions.
- Effector: carries out instructions.
- Negative feedback loop: a mechanism of homeostasis, a change in a physiological variable is counteracted, (opposite of initial change).
- Positive feedback loop: amplifies a process.
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Chapter 2 - Biochemistry:
- Electron shells: Lowest, 2 electrons; 2nd, 8 electrons; 3rd, 8-18 electrons.
- Molecules vs. compounds: Molecules are two or more atoms, compounds are two or more different atoms.
- Types of bonds: ionic (opposite charges), covalent (shared electrons), and polar/non-polar (unequal/equal sharing).
- Organic vs. Inorganic compounds. Organic: based on carbon; Inorganic: not based on carbon.
- Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic: Hydrophilic substances mix well with water; hydrophobic substances do not mix well with water.
- pH and the pH scale: Neutral pH (7.0), acidic (<7), basic (>7).
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Chapter 3 - Cell Biology:
- Plasma membrane functions: Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, and support.
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Cytoskeleton:
- Microfilaments: provide mechanical strength for muscles.
- Intermediate filaments: strengthen cell and maintain shape.
- Microtubules: strengthen cell and anchor organelles.
- Microvilli: increase surface area, and allows for absorption and secretion.
- Centrioles: involved in cell division.
- Cilia: microscopic hair which create fluid movement along surfaces.
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis (Free vs. fixed).
- Ribosomes function: fixed ribosomes attached to ER make proteins for secretion, free ribosomes make proteins for the cell.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Function: synthesis, storage, and modification of proteins and lipids.
- Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not.
- Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.
- Lysosomes: breaks down cellular waste.
- Mitochondria: produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
- Nucleus: stores genetic material.
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Chapter 4 - Tissues:
- Epithelial tissue: covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. (characteristics: Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration).
- Connective tissue: connects, supports, and protects other tissues. (elements: cells, fibers, ground substance). Common examples are collagen and elastic fibers and reticular fibers. Cells also can include fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells.
- Muscle tissue: specialized for contraction. (types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth).
- Neural tissue: specialized for electrical signaling. (components: neurons, neuroglia).
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Chapter 5 - Integumentary System:
- Cutaneous membrane: (layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis).
- Epidermis: keratinocytes.
- Dermis: papillary layer (upper) and reticular layer (lower)
- Accessory structures: Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands.
- Epidermis structure: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum (or lucidum in thick skin).
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Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue:
- Bone structure: Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), metaphysis.
- Bone tissue types: compact, spongy
- Bone cells types: Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
- Bone formation processes (endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification).
- Calcium regulation: Role of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin. Processes involve either increasing or decreasing calcium levels in the blood to maintain proper levels for bone health and function.
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Chapter 9 - Muscle Tissue:
- Three main types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
- Skeletal muscle characteristics: striated, voluntary, multinucleated.
- Cardiac muscle characteristics: striated, involuntary, single nucleus, intercalated disks.
- Smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary, single nucleus.
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Chapter 11 - Nervous Tissue:
- Neurons: cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses. Specialized for communication.
- Neural function: neuron communicate with one another using graded potentials and action potentials.
- Neuroglia: support and nourish neurons (types differ between CNS and PNS).
- Types of neurons: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons.
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Chapter 13 - General Senses:
- Types of receptors (nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors) and their functions.
- Sensory pathways (how information is relayed).
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Chapter 15 - Special Senses:
- Olfaction: smell
- Gustation: taste
- Vision : structure and function of the eye. Light refraction, rods, cones, and the retina.
- Hearing: structure of the ear, cochlea, semicircular canals, auditory ossicles.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of the chemistry of life in this quiz. Topics include types of bonds, types of glands, connective tissues, and homeostasis. Perfect for students studying introductory biology.
