Biology Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissues Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which four elements make up the bulk of living matter?

Calcium, Iron, Iodine, Potassium
Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (correct)
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium

What are trace elements?

Calcium, Iron, Iodine, Potassium

What are cells?

The building blocks of all living things.

What are tissues?

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 main regions of the cell?

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus?

The control center; contains DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nuclear envelope?

Barrier of nucleus, made of double phospholipid membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What does the nucleolus do?

Makes ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

Composed of DNA and protein. Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes?

Condensed DNA forms before cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

Material outside nucleus and inside plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

Fluid that suspends other elements. Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

Machinery of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are inclusions?

Non-functioning units. Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes?

Sites of protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Carries substances; includes rough ER and smooth ER. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies and packages proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What are lysosomes?

Sacs of enzymes that digest non-usable materials. Signup and view all the answers

What are peroxisomes?

Sacs of oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances. Signup and view all the answers

What are mitochondria known as?

"Powerhouses" of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoskeleton?

Internal framework of the cell made of protein structures. Signup and view all the answers

What are centrioles?

Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules that make spindle fibers during cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane?

Barrier for cell contents. Signup and view all the answers

What are microvilli?

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of membrane junction?

Proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are cellular projections?

Used for movement. Signup and view all the answers

What do cilia do?

Move materials across the cell surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a flagellum?

Propels the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is membrane transport?

Movement into and out of cells to maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

No energy required. Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

The cell must provide metabolic energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

Homogeneous mixture of two or more components. Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

Dissolving medium. Signup and view all the answers

What are solutes?

What gets dissolved. Signup and view all the answers

What is intracellular fluid?

Fluid inside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is interstitial fluid?

Fluid on the exterior of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

Particles distribute themselves evenly within a solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is simple diffusion?

Lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores. Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

Requires protein carriers. Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is filtration?

Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is solute pumping?

Transporting amino acids, some sugars, and ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis?

Moves materials out of the cell in a vesicle. Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

Substances engulfed in a membranous vesicle. Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis?

Cell-eating. Signup and view all the answers

What is pinocytosis?

Cell-drinking. Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

Cell grows, DNA replication. Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

Division of nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

Division of cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA replication?

DNA is duplicated. Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of mitosis and cytokinesis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during prophase?

Centromeres migrate to poles. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during metaphase?

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes aligned in the middle of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase?

Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poles. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during telophase?

Daughter nuclei are seen; cleavage furrow is present. Signup and view all the answers

What is protein synthesis?

Reading a gene to make a protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Carries the instructions for protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

Transports amino acids to the ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Forms part of the ribosomal structure. Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins used for?

Building or for enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What is transcription?

Copying a gene from DNA to mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is translation?

Reading mRNA and linking amino acids together in the ribosome. Signup and view all the answers

What are body tissues?

Cells specialized for particular functions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of tissues?

Epithelium, Connective, Nervous, Muscle. Signup and view all the answers

Where is epithelial tissue located?

Body coverings & linings, glandular tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Cells close together with a free apical surface and a basement membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion. Signup and view all the answers

How is epithelial tissue classified?

By the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Signup and view all the answers

What is simple squamous epithelial tissue?

Single layer of flat cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

Single layer of cubelike cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is simple columnar epithelial tissue?

Single layer of tall cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

Single layer with cells of varying heights. Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

Cells at the free edge are flattened. Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?

Two layers of cuboidal cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified columnar epithelial tissue?

Surface cells are columnar; cells underneath vary in size and shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gland?

One or more cells that secretes a particular product. Signup and view all the answers

What is an endocrine gland?

Ductless, secretes hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What is an exocrine gland?

Empty through ducts to the surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is transitional epithelium?

Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching. Signup and view all the answers

What is connective tissue?

Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Binds tissues together, supports, and protects. Signup and view all the answers

What is ground substance?

Mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What are fibers in connective tissue?

Produced by the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue?

Collagen, Elastic, Reticular. Signup and view all the answers

What is bone (osseous tissue)?

Hard matrix of calcium salts and collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is hyaline cartilage?

Most common cartilage with lots of collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is elastic cartilage?

Provides elasticity. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrocartilage?

Highly compressible, forms cushion-like discs. Signup and view all the answers

What is dense connective tissue?

Main matrix element is collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a tendon?

Connects muscle to bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are ligaments?

Connects bone to bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is areolar connective tissue?

Most widely distributed, soft, pliable tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is adipose connective tissue?

Contains large lipid deposits. Signup and view all the answers

What is reticular connective tissue?

Delicate network of interwoven fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood?

Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle tissue?

Produces movement. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Elements of Life

Bulk of living matter comprises carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Trace elements include calcium, iron, iodine, and potassium.

Cell Structure and Function

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, varying in structure but sharing general components.
The main regions of a cell are the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane.

The Nucleus

Acts as the control center, containing DNA and consisting of three regions: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and chromatin.
The nuclear envelope is a double phospholipid membrane with pores for material exchange.

Cytoplasm and Organelles

Cytoplasm is the material located between the nucleus and plasma membrane; cytosol is the fluid component.
Organelles function as the cell's machinery; inclusions are non-functioning units within the cell.
Ribosomes, comprised of protein and RNA, are essential for protein synthesis and can be free-floating or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER has ribosomes, synthesizes membrane components; smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and drug detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes

Golgi apparatus modifies, packages proteins, producing secretory vesicles and lysosomes.
Lysosomes contain enzymes for digesting non-usable materials; peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances.

Mitochondria and Cytoskeleton

Mitochondria are the cell's powerhouses, generating ATP through cellular respiration.
The cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, providing internal cell structure and support.

Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms

The plasma membrane is a selective barrier, composed of a double phospholipid layer with proteins and cholesterol.
Cellular transport includes passive transport (no energy required) and active transport (energy required).

Types of Transport Processes

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Active transport involves solute pumping and bulk transport (exocytosis and endocytosis).

Cell Cycle and Replication

Interphase is the stage of growth and DNA replication; mitosis divides the nucleus, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.
Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and concludes with cytokinesis.

Protein Synthesis

Involves transcription (gene to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein).
Types of RNA include messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

Tissues and Their Types

Tissues are groups of similar cells; four main types include epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue.
Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, protects, absorbs, filters, and secretes substances.

Epithelial Tissue Classification

Classified based on the number of cell layers (simple vs. stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Connective Tissue Functions and Types

Connective tissue binds, supports, and protects other tissues; characterized by varied vascularization.
Types of connective tissue include bone, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, dense connective tissue, areolar, adipose, reticular, and blood.

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue is specialized for movement, accounting for the body’s kinetic actions.

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Test your knowledge of the fundamental concepts related to cells and tissues with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential elements of living matter, types of cells, and the classification of tissues. Perfect for students studying biology!