Biology Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissues Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which four elements make up the bulk of living matter?

  • Calcium, Iron, Iodine, Potassium
  • Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine
  • Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (correct)
  • Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium

    • What are trace elements?

    Calcium, Iron, Iodine, Potassium

    What are cells?

    The building blocks of all living things.

    What are tissues?

    <p>Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 main regions of the cell?

    <p>Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus?

    <p>The control center; contains DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Barrier of nucleus, made of double phospholipid membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nucleolus do?

    <p>Makes ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

    <p>Composed of DNA and protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes?

    <p>Condensed DNA forms before cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cytoplasm?

    <p>Material outside nucleus and inside plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cytosol?

    <p>Fluid that suspends other elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organelles?

    <p>Machinery of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inclusions?

    <p>Non-functioning units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ribosomes?

    <p>Sites of protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Carries substances; includes rough ER and smooth ER.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Golgi apparatus do?

    <p>Modifies and packages proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lysosomes?

    <p>Sacs of enzymes that digest non-usable materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peroxisomes?

    <p>Sacs of oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mitochondria known as?

    <p>&quot;Powerhouses&quot; of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Internal framework of the cell made of protein structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are centrioles?

    <p>Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules that make spindle fibers during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plasma membrane?

    <p>Barrier for cell contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are microvilli?

    <p>Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of membrane junction?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cellular projections?

    <p>Used for movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cilia do?

    <p>Move materials across the cell surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a flagellum?

    <p>Propels the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is membrane transport?

    <p>Movement into and out of cells to maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is passive transport?

    <p>No energy required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active transport?

    <p>The cell must provide metabolic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solution?

    <p>Homogeneous mixture of two or more components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solvent?

    <p>Dissolving medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are solutes?

    <p>What gets dissolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intracellular fluid?

    <p>Fluid inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interstitial fluid?

    <p>Fluid on the exterior of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diffusion?

    <p>Particles distribute themselves evenly within a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is simple diffusion?

    <p>Lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Requires protein carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmosis?

    <p>Movement of water across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is filtration?

    <p>Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is solute pumping?

    <p>Transporting amino acids, some sugars, and ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is exocytosis?

    <p>Moves materials out of the cell in a vesicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endocytosis?

    <p>Substances engulfed in a membranous vesicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis?

    <p>Cell-eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pinocytosis?

    <p>Cell-drinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interphase?

    <p>Cell grows, DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mitosis?

    <p>Division of nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cytokinesis?

    <p>Division of cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DNA replication?

    <p>DNA is duplicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps of mitosis and cytokinesis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during prophase?

    <p>Centromeres migrate to poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during metaphase?

    <p>Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes aligned in the middle of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during anaphase?

    <p>Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during telophase?

    <p>Daughter nuclei are seen; cleavage furrow is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is protein synthesis?

    <p>Reading a gene to make a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene?

    <p>DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Carries the instructions for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Forms part of the ribosomal structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteins used for?

    <p>Building or for enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transcription?

    <p>Copying a gene from DNA to mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is translation?

    <p>Reading mRNA and linking amino acids together in the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are body tissues?

    <p>Cells specialized for particular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of tissues?

    <p>Epithelium, Connective, Nervous, Muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is epithelial tissue located?

    <p>Body coverings &amp; linings, glandular tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Cells close together with a free apical surface and a basement membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is epithelial tissue classified?

    <p>By the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is simple squamous epithelial tissue?

    <p>Single layer of flat cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

    <p>Single layer of cubelike cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is simple columnar epithelial tissue?

    <p>Single layer of tall cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

    <p>Single layer with cells of varying heights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

    <p>Cells at the free edge are flattened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?

    <p>Two layers of cuboidal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stratified columnar epithelial tissue?

    <p>Surface cells are columnar; cells underneath vary in size and shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gland?

    <p>One or more cells that secretes a particular product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an endocrine gland?

    <p>Ductless, secretes hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exocrine gland?

    <p>Empty through ducts to the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transitional epithelium?

    <p>Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is connective tissue?

    <p>Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of connective tissue?

    <p>Binds tissues together, supports, and protects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ground substance?

    <p>Mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fibers in connective tissue?

    <p>Produced by the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue?

    <p>Collagen, Elastic, Reticular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bone (osseous tissue)?

    <p>Hard matrix of calcium salts and collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyaline cartilage?

    <p>Most common cartilage with lots of collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is elastic cartilage?

    <p>Provides elasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fibrocartilage?

    <p>Highly compressible, forms cushion-like discs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dense connective tissue?

    <p>Main matrix element is collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tendon?

    <p>Connects muscle to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ligaments?

    <p>Connects bone to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is areolar connective tissue?

    <p>Most widely distributed, soft, pliable tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adipose connective tissue?

    <p>Contains large lipid deposits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reticular connective tissue?

    <p>Delicate network of interwoven fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood?

    <p>Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is muscle tissue?

    <p>Produces movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Elements of Life

    • Bulk of living matter comprises carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
    • Trace elements include calcium, iron, iodine, and potassium.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, varying in structure but sharing general components.
    • The main regions of a cell are the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane.

    The Nucleus

    • Acts as the control center, containing DNA and consisting of three regions: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and chromatin.
    • The nuclear envelope is a double phospholipid membrane with pores for material exchange.

    Cytoplasm and Organelles

    • Cytoplasm is the material located between the nucleus and plasma membrane; cytosol is the fluid component.
    • Organelles function as the cell's machinery; inclusions are non-functioning units within the cell.
    • Ribosomes, comprised of protein and RNA, are essential for protein synthesis and can be free-floating or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Rough ER has ribosomes, synthesizes membrane components; smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and drug detoxification.

    Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes

    • Golgi apparatus modifies, packages proteins, producing secretory vesicles and lysosomes.
    • Lysosomes contain enzymes for digesting non-usable materials; peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances.

    Mitochondria and Cytoskeleton

    • Mitochondria are the cell's powerhouses, generating ATP through cellular respiration.
    • The cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, providing internal cell structure and support.

    Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms

    • The plasma membrane is a selective barrier, composed of a double phospholipid layer with proteins and cholesterol.
    • Cellular transport includes passive transport (no energy required) and active transport (energy required).

    Types of Transport Processes

    • Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
    • Active transport involves solute pumping and bulk transport (exocytosis and endocytosis).

    Cell Cycle and Replication

    • Interphase is the stage of growth and DNA replication; mitosis divides the nucleus, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.
    • Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and concludes with cytokinesis.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Involves transcription (gene to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein).
    • Types of RNA include messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

    Tissues and Their Types

    • Tissues are groups of similar cells; four main types include epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue.
    • Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, protects, absorbs, filters, and secretes substances.

    Epithelial Tissue Classification

    • Classified based on the number of cell layers (simple vs. stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

    Connective Tissue Functions and Types

    • Connective tissue binds, supports, and protects other tissues; characterized by varied vascularization.
    • Types of connective tissue include bone, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, dense connective tissue, areolar, adipose, reticular, and blood.

    Muscle Tissue

    • Muscle tissue is specialized for movement, accounting for the body’s kinetic actions.

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    Test your knowledge of the fundamental concepts related to cells and tissues with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential elements of living matter, types of cells, and the classification of tissues. Perfect for students studying biology!

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